How to Fix Sinkholes

Sinkholes develop when soft rock underground—e.g. limestone, gypsum, or other carbonate rock—wears away over time. This is known as “karst” terrain. Eventually, the unsupported sediment above the underground hole collapses, leaving the sinkhole open.^[1] Typically, property owners don’t realize that their houses are built on karst terrain, and so sinkholes appear unexpectedly and without warning. To fill a sinkhole, you’ll first need to pour a concrete plug in the bottom of the hole. Then, fill the rest of the sinkhole with clayey sand and top it off with a layer of topsoil.

EditSteps

EditMeasuring the Sinkhole

1. Monitor the hole to see if it grows. Sinkholes are often triggered by weather phenomena, such as a heavy rainstorm. Once a sinkhole has formed, though, it can continue to grow, as further portions of limestone or other carbonate rocks fall away. As long as a sinkhole continues to grow on a day-by-day basis, do not attempt to fill it in.^[2]
   
   • Once the sinkhole has stopped growing and remained the same size for a few days, you can fill it in.
2. Probe the size and depth of the sinkhole. Only relatively small, shallow sink-holes can be filled by homeowners. Take a pole or stick (even a tree branch would do), and probe around in the sinkhole. Note how deep and wide it is.^[3]
   
   • Do not attempt to fill in a sinkhole larger than (m) in diameter.^[4] Large sinkholes can be deep and potentially dangerous.
   • If the sinkhole is deeper than chest height, do not step down inside of it. Deep sinkholes, and holes with steep walls, pose a high risk of collapse.^[5]
3. Call a professional landscaping company. If you’re concerned about working in and around a sinkhole, or if you think that the sinkhole is too large for you to fill, it’s time to call professionals. Use internet resources to find a local landscaping company, and explain that you’re hoping to have a sinkhole on your property filled in.^[6]
   
   • Landscaping companies will have more experience in dealing with this phenomena than the average homeowner.
   • When dealing with very large sinkholes, you’ll need to contact local authorities in the city or county in which the sinkhole has appeared.

EditPouring a Concrete Plug

1. Dig out the sinkhole’s outer edges. The sinkhole may be larger underground than it appears on the surface. To determine the true extent of the sinkhole, use a shovel to expand the size of the sinkhole. Continue to remove the edges of the hole until you reach a point at which the topsoil and sediment are supported by solid rock.^[7]
   
   • Also remove any loose debris that may be in the sinkhole: tree branches, pinecones, etc.
2. Mix dry concrete powder with water. Start out by pouring about a third of the concrete mix into a large basin, such as a wheelbarrow. Pour in about (1 L) of water, and mix thoroughly with a hoe or shovel. Continue to add water until the concrete is wet throughout and a heavy putty consistency.^[8]
   
   • You can buy 80-pound (36 kg) bags of quick-mixing concrete at your local hardware store or home-supply store.
   • The size and depth of the sinkhole will determine how much concrete you need to mix.
3. Pour a concrete plug in the sinkhole. Using the wheelbarrow and the shovel, pour wet concrete into the bottom of the sinkhole. This will prevent the sinkhole from deepening further, and will give a solid base to the subsequent materials you use to fill the hole.^[9] Aim to fill at least a quarter of the hole with concrete. So, if the sinkhole is (1.2 m) deep, fill it with 1 foot (0.3 m) of concrete.
   
   • You do not need to let the concrete dry before you move on to filling the hole with sand and soil.
   • A “plug” simply means that you’ll fully fill the bottom of the sinkhole with concrete.

EditFilling the Sinkhole

1. Add clayey sand on top of the concrete plug. Thick, clayey sand will provide a heavy filling for the sinkhole which prevents water from collecting in the re-filled sinkhole. Using your shovel, scoop the sand out of a wheelbarrow or truck bed and deposit it into the hole.^[10] Fill the hole with sand until it’s about ¾ full.
   
   • Sand can be purchased at most large hardware stores, home-supply stores, or landscape-supply stores. If none of these venues sell clayey sand, contact a building contractor in your area.
   • Most contracting companies will have a sand supplier that they may put you in touch with.
2. Fill the hole with topsoil. Fill whatever depth remains to the sinkhole with topsoil. This will bring the materials you used to fill the hole up to the level of the surrounding yard or terrain. Finishing the hole with topsoil will also allow plants to grow on top of the former sinkhole and stabilize the soil and sand.^[11]
   
   • Topsoil can be purchased by the bag at any gardening center or home-supply store.
3. Top off the hole with more soil in a few days. Over time, the sand and topsoil that you’ve added to the sinkhole will compact and settle. This will leave open room at the top of the sinkhole again. Use the rest of the topsoil to fill in the hole until it’s once again at the level of the surrounding terrain.^[12]
   
   • Repeat this process more than once, if necessary. The materials filling the sinkhole are likely to settle following heavy rain or runoff.

EditTips

• There are two types of sinkholes. Cover-collapse sinkholes appear in minutes, when weather phenomena (like a downpour of rain) cause the layer of limestone or other carbonate rock on top of the sinkhole to collapse rapidly. Cover-subsidence sinkholes collapse much more slowly, as underground limestone slowly wears away and unsupported topsoil and other sediment slip underground.^[13]
• Although not technically “sinkholes,” sinkhole-like depressions can appear when old building materials (leftover boards and planks, etc.) which were buried by construction workers near a building site, begin to decay. Soil will sink in on top of the decaying materials.
• If a sinkhole appears on property that you own, it’s your responsibility to repair. It would be worthwhile, though, to contact your insurance company and inform them of the hole.^[14]

EditWarnings

• If a sinkhole is threatening your house (or another structure), evacuate immediately. Sinkholes can grow without warning, and your top priority should be the safety of yourself and your family.^[15]

EditSources and Citations

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