How to Use Home Remedies for Decreasing Stomach Acid

Stomach acids are necessary for the digestion of food. However, if too much acid develops in the stomach, it can cause acid reflux (heartburn) or a disease called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).^[1] You may experience uncomfortable or even painful symptoms, including gas and bloating, a burning feeling in your stomach or the back of your throat, dry cough, wheezing, and chest pain.^[2] Most people suffer from these symptoms from time to time, usually after eating certain foods, eating too quickly without chewing food well, or lying down too soon after eating. Obesity, pregnancy, and other medical conditions can also lead to increased stomach acid.^[3]

EditSteps

EditIdentifying Your Symptoms

1. Check for symptoms of esophagitis. Acid reflux may be a symptom of a condition called esophagitis, in which the esophagus becomes inflamed, causing esophageal narrowing, damaging the tissue, and increasing the chances of choking on your food. If left untreated, esophagitis can lead to severe tissue damage and esophageal cancer. Common symptoms are heartburn, difficulty swallowing, and chest pain that occurs while eating.^[4] A cold, flu, or other viral infection should be treated immediately if you have acid reflux, as it can lead to increased inflammation in the food pipe. See your doctor if symptoms:^[5]
   
   • Last longer than a few days or don't improve with over-the-counter antacids
   • Are severe enough to make eating difficult
   • Are accompanied by flu signs and symptoms, such as headache, fever, and muscle aches
   • Are accompanied by shortness of breath or chest pain that occurs shortly after eating
   • Get emergency care if you experience pain in your chest that lasts more than a few minutes, suspect you have food lodged in your esophagus, have a history of heart disease, or have impaired immune function.
2. Check for symptoms for gastritis. Heartburn may also be a symptom of gastritis. Gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach lining often caused by helicobacter pylori bacteria, which may also cause stomach ulcers. An autoimmune disorder, a backup of bile into the stomach, or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, can also cause gastritis.^[6] Common symptoms of gastritis include:^[7]
   
   • Indigestion
   • Heartburn
   • Abdominal pain
   • Hiccups
   • Loss of appetite
   • Nausea
   • Vomiting, possibly of material that looks like ground coffee (blood)
   • Dark stools
3. Check for signs of gastroparesis. Gastroparesis is a condition in which the movement of the muscles in your stomach does not function normally, preventing your stomach from emptying properly. This can cause acid reflux and vomiting by backing up stomach acids in the esophagus.^[8] People are more likely to develop this condition if they have diabetes or recently had a surgery. Symptoms of gastroparesis include:^[9]
   
   • Vomiting
   • Nausea
   • A feeling of fullness after eating just a few bites
   • Abdominal bloating
   • Abdominal pain
   • Changes in blood sugar levels
   • Lack of appetite
   • Weight loss and malnutrition
4. Get emergency medical care. Heartburn, angina, and heart attack may feel very much alike. Both heartburn and a developing heart attack can cause symptoms that subside after a while. Typical heart attack signs and symptoms for which you should go to the emergency room immediately are:^[10]
   
   • Pressure, tightness, pain, or a squeezing or aching sensation in your chest or arms that may spread to your neck, jaw or back
   • Nausea, indigestion, heartburn, or abdominal pain
   • Shortness of breath
   • Cold sweat
   • Fatigue
   • Lightheadedness or sudden dizziness

EditMaking Lifestyle Changes to Decrease Stomach Acid

1. Get enough sleep. Not getting enough sleep can increase the production of stress hormones, which can trigger acid reflux, put you at higher risk for chronic diseases, and lower life expectancy. If you suffer from sleep apnea or insomnia, talk to your doctor for possible treatments.
   
   • Strategies for getting enough sleep include a quiet, dark, cool environment and avoiding caffeine, alcohol, and sugary foods for 4-6 hours before bed. You should also avoid eating 2-3 hours before bed and work or exercise 3-4 hours before bed.^[11]
   • For more info on getting enough sleep, check: How to Sleep Better
2. Sleep on your side. Sleeping on your stomach or lying flat on your back right after a meal can promote stomach acids, causing indigestion and heartburn. Try sleeping on your left side with a firm pillow between your knees to prevent stress on your spine, hips, and lower back.^[12] Some studies show that sleeping on the left side limits the flow of stomach acid into the esophagus by supporting the body’s natural curves.^[13]
   
   • Pull your knees up slightly toward your chest. The pillow for your head should keep your spine straight. A rolled towel or small pillow under your waist may also help support your spine.^[14]
   • If you have a respiratory condition or cold, try to prop your head up on a pillow to improve airflow. The pillow for your head should support the natural curve of your neck and be comfortable.^[15] A pillow that's too high can put your neck into a position that causes muscle strain on your back, neck, and shoulders. This can increase stress, cause headaches and trigger acid reflux. Choose a pillow that will keep the neck aligned with the chest and lower back.
3. Wear loose clothing. The type of clothing you wear can affect your acid reflux, especially if you’re overweight. Tight clothing can increase pressure in your abdominal area, which can force the contents of your stomach back up into your esophagus. Be sure to wear comfortable, loose fitting clothing.^[16]
   
4. Avoid stretching or bending after meals. In general, you should avoid exercising for at least 2–4 hours after eating. If you frequently have acid reflux or heartburn, even slight bending, stretching or climbing stairs can promote stomach acids. Gently paced walking, in contrast, helps reduce stomach acids and aids digestion.^[17]
   
5. Chew food thoroughly. Chewing your food thoroughly makes it easier to swallow and digest, thus reducing or preventing symptoms of heartburn. It also increases nutrient absorption by releasing food enzymes and may help promote weight loss by reducing appetite.^[18]
   
   • If you have dental issues that make it difficult to chew, ask your dentist about how to chew properly while taking care of your oral health.
6. Quit smoking. Studies suggest that smoking increases acid secretion, impairs muscle reflexes in the throat, and damages protective mucus membranes. Smoking reduces salivation, and saliva helps neutralize acid.^[19][20]
   
   • It is unknown whether the smoke, nicotine, or both trigger GERD. Some people who use nicotine patches to quit smoking, for example, have heartburn, but it is not clear whether the nicotine or stress produces the acid backup.
   • In addition, smoking can lead to emphysema, a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness.

EditCreating a Diet Plan

1. Drink plenty of water. Water has a neutral pH, which can help neutralize stomach acids and help your body absorb nutrients easily. Aim to drink at least eight ounces of water every two hours. Two liters of water is the daily recommendation for the average adult. Alkaline water with a pH of 8.8 may be more beneficial for people with severe symptoms of heartburn and GERD.^[21]
   
   • If you drink caffeinated beverages, drink one liter of water for every cup (one fluid oz.) of caffeine.
   • Not getting enough water can also lead to dehydration. Dehydration can cause headaches, irritability, dizziness, irregular heartbeat, and shortness of breath. Non-caffeinated, glucose-free sports drinks with electrolytes can help alleviate dehydration as well.^[22]
2. Keep a food journal. There is no one specific diet that will prevent all symptoms of heartburn and GERD. The only way for your doctor to design a meal plan appropriate for you is to discover which foods you tolerate well and which foods aggravate your reflux. Try to keep a detailed food record for one or two weeks. Your food record may have three categories:^[23]
   
   • The type and quantity of food or beverages, such as one cup orange juice. Note any spices you may have used in your meals as well.
   • Time of day
   • Symptoms and the severity of the condition, such as mild acid reflux.
3. Eat smaller, healthier meals. Eating 5-6 small meals each day aids digestion, promotes weight loss and increases energy levels without causing acid reflux.^[24] Ask your doctor about your recommended daily calorie intake to manage your weight while eating healthier meals. Other ways you can practice portion control to eat smaller meals are:^[25]
   
   • Split large entrées with a friend instead of eating it all, or box half the meal to take with you.
   • Control snack portion by placing an exact amount into a bowl instead of eating from the box.
   • Serve food on individual plates, and keep serving dishes in the kitchen to reduce the temptation of additional servings.
   • People tend to consume more when they have easy access to food. Move the healthier food to the front of the fridge and cabinets, and keep less healthy options out of sight.
4. Avoid foods that increase stomach acids. Refined carbohydrates, fried and processed foods, sugary beverages, red meat, hydrogenated oils, and margarine can increase inflammation in the esophagus.^[26] High-fat meals and fried foods also tend to decrease lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure and delay stomach emptying, thereby increasing the risk of reflux.
   
   • Chili peppers and black pepper contain compounds such as capsaicin and piperine, which can increase stomach acid production and should be avoided. However, sweet bell peppers are safe as they do not contain these compounds.
   • Chocolate should also be avoided as it contains methylxanthine, a compound that relaxes the LES, allowing stomach acid to back up into the esophagus.^[27]
   • Your doctor can help you create a personalized meal plan if you are allergic to certain foods or if you experience bloating and indigestion due to acid reflux.
5. Eat nutritious foods. Many healthy options do not encourage stomach acid production, reduce inflammation in the esophagus and stomach, and provide you with necessary nutrients to support various bodily functions. These foods also have the added benefit of helping you maintain a healthy weight and a high fiber content that promotes the digestive system. However, too much fiber can slow down stomach emptying in people who have gastroparesis. Ask your doctor or a dietician to help you come up with a meal plan that is right for you. In general, you should try to eat more:^[28]
   
   • Green leafy vegetables such as spinach or kale which are high in antioxidants and plant fiber.
   • Artichokes to aid digestion.
   • Sweet bell peppers, which are high in vitamin C.
   • Whole grains such as brown rice, quinoa, millet, oatmeal, and flax seed.
   • Dried beans and lentils. Canned varieties should be avoided as they have a high sodium content and may have additives such as animal saturated fat and sugar, which can contribute to a variety of diseases.
   • Lean poultry such as turkey, quail and chicken.
   • Fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel, tuna, and sardines.
   • Nuts such as almonds or walnuts.
6. Eat more select fruits. While fruits and tomatoes are beneficial to your health, the citric acid in these foods may increase the risk for heartburn and GERD. Eating non-citrus fruits may help reduce stomach acids. Try apples, bananas, cucumbers, and watermelon.^[29][30]
   
7. Use healthy cooking oil. Some vegetable oils such as flaxseed, canola, olive, and soybean are rich in omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids that help prevent heartburn by neutralizing stomach acids and coating the esophagus to reduce inflammation.^[31]
   
   • Rice bran oil is often used to help relieve symptoms of acid reflux.
   • You can also use these oils as salad dressings.
8. Use probiotics. Probiotics are naturally occurring bacteria found in our stomach that help promote digestive health, boost the immune system, and help fight inflammation.^[32] Probiotics can be found in yogurt, certain types of milk, soy products, and as dietary supplements.^[33]
   
   • Eat yogurt or take a probiotic supplement on an empty stomach with 4-6 oz. of water. You can also twist or cut the capsule and empty the powdered bacteria into a glass, add the water and a teaspoon of soda bicarbonate to neutralize the stomach acid.
   • You should consult your doctor before taking probiotics if you have a weakened immune system or are currently taking immunosuppressant drugs.
9. Avoid using garlic and onions. While garlic and onions do not cause acid reflux, studies have found that they may aggravate symptoms for people who regularly experience acid reflux and heartburn. They may increase the acidity of meals, thus triggering reflux.^[34][35]
   
   • Garlic and onions have been found beneficial for many heart and respiratory conditions, therefore may be used in moderation and smaller doses for people with other conditions to avoid triggering acid reflux.
10. Avoid drinking alcohol. While moderate consumption of alcohol helps improve heart and digestive health, it may cause inflammation and damage to the esophagus for people with symptoms of heartburn, esophagitis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease.^[36] Most experts have found that drinking alcohol, especially large quantities, increases the risk of GERD. Any form of alcohol such as beer, wine, or spirit may cause acid reflux and should be avoided. Try to limit your intake to one glass per week.^[37]
    

EditUsing Herbal and Home Remedies

1. Drink chamomile tea. Though used as a remedy for indigestion for thousands of years, research into the effects of chamomile on humans is sparse. Animal studies have found that German chamomile reduces inflammation.^[38] An analysis of several studies found that combinations of the herb iberis, peppermint, and chamomile may help relieve indigestion symptoms.^[39]
   
   • To make chamomile tea, steep 2-4 grams of dried chamomile flowers in 1 cup of hot water. Drinking highly concentrated chamomile can induce nausea and vomiting, so make sure not to infuse the tea longer than five minutes.
   • Chamomile is also available as a dietary supplement at most drug stores. If you are allergic to asters, daisies, chrysanthemums, or ragweed, you may also be allergic to chamomile.^[40]
   • Ask your doctor before using chamomile if you are taking medication for diabetes, blood pressure or sedatives.
2. Use slippery elm. Slippery elm bark contains mucilage, a substance that becomes a slick gel when mixed with water, which coats the esophagus, stomach, and intestinal lining to reduce irritation and acid reflux. The antioxidants in slippery elm also help protect against stomach ulcers and inflammation.^[41] Slippery elm bark is available as capsules, lozenges, teas, and powdered extracts at most pharmacies and nutrition stores.^[42] You should take slippery elm two hours before or after other herbs or medications you may be taking as it can slow down the absorption of other medications.^[43][44]
   
   • To make slippery elm tea, steep 1–2 g (approx. 1 tablespoon) of powdered bark extract in 1 cup of boiling water for 3–5 minutes. Drink up to 3 times per day or as recommended by your doctor.
   • The recommended dose for slippery elm capsules is 400-500 mg at least 3-4 times daily, for 4–8 weeks or until your condition improves. Take with a full glass of water.^[45]
   • Do not give slippery elm to a child without consulting your doctor first.^[46]
3. Use ginger. Research suggests that taking 1–2 grams of raw ginger or ginger root powder at least one hour before meals can help aid gastric emptying, thus reducing symptoms of heartburn and GERD.^[47][48] Ginger can also help reduce symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and inflammation caused by acid backing up in the esophagus. Ginger root is widely available at most grocery stores.
   
   • Ginger tea can also be made by steeping 1–2 grams of peeled ginger in 1 cup of boiling water for 5 minutes. Strain and drink up to 2 times daily, at least 1 hour before meals.
   • Ask your doctor before taking ginger if you have diabetes, heart conditions, bleeding disorders, or if you are currently pregnant or breastfeeding. Tell your doctor about any other medications, herbs, or supplements you may be using to avoid side effects.
4. Use baking soda. Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) is often used as a natural antacid to help neutralize stomach acids and help digestion.^[49] Baking soda is available as both oral tablets and powder, which can be used up to four times daily at least 1–2 hours after having meals or other medications. Avoid taking sodium bicarbonate on an overly full stomach.^[50]
   
   • Mix 1 teaspoon of baking soda into a glass of water until it dissolves completely and drink it to neutralize stomach acid. Measure powdered doses carefully using a measuring spoon. Add honey or lemon for taste if you want.
   • Check with your doctor before using baking soda If you are on a sodium-restricted diet, have other heart or digestive conditions, or are currently using other medications, herbs, and supplements.
   • Take sodium bicarbonate exactly as directed. Do not use sodium bicarbonate for longer than two weeks unless your doctor tells you to. Baking soda should not be given to children under twelve years of age.^[51]
   • Take the miss doses as soon as you remember unless it is almost time for the next dose. Then skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule.^[52]
5. Chew gum. Chewing a piece of sugar-free gum for half an hour after a meal can reduce heartburn, as it stimulates the production of saliva.^[53] Saliva is alkaline, so swallowing saliva neutralizes stomach acid.^[54][55][56]
   
   • Sugar-free gum additionally contains xylitol, which inhibits bacteria that cause tooth decay.
   • Sugary gum can thicken saliva causing a dry mouth and may not be as beneficial as sugar-free gum.
   • Avoid mint-flavored gum as it can stimulate acid reflux.
6. Avoid using peppermint or spearmint. Peppermint can relax the sphincter between the stomach and esophagus, allowing stomach acids to flow back into the esophagus. The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is the muscle that separates the esophagus from the stomach. By relaxing the sphincter, peppermint may actually make the symptoms of heartburn and indigestion worse.^[57] While spearmint does not cause reflux, it may promote mucus and postnasal drip, especially if you have a cold, that can cause irritation in the esophagus.^[58]
   

EditPracticing Relaxation Techniques

1. Avoid stress triggers. Stress can relate to increased acid reflux since it can cause people to eat more, drink alcohol, smoke, or sleep less. Food takes longer to digest in stressful conditions, delaying gastric emptying and making it likely for food to be regurgitated. Learning to avoid stressful environments and managing stressful situations with ease can help improve your overall well-being.^[59] Simple ways to reduce stress are:^[60]
   
   • Slow, deep breathing in a quiet environment
   • Focusing on positive outcomes
   • Restructuring priorities and eliminating unnecessary tasks
   • Reducing use of electronic devices. These can also cause eye-strain and trigger headaches.
   • Using humor. Research has found humor to be an effective way to deal with acute stress.
   • Listening to relaxing music
2. Practice meditation. You can meditate by simply taking five minutes to relax and shut off your mind to outside disturbances.^[61] It may be frustrating to practice at first, but this is a great, simple way to help lower stress. To meditate, follow these steps:^[62]
   
   • Find a quiet, comfortable area, such as a private spot at the office, the park, or even at home.
   • Get into a comfortable position and sit with your spine straight, cross-legged if possible, or on a chair, the floor or grass.
   • Find something to focus on. Pick a meaningful word or phrase and repeat it. You can even focus your attention on a flower or doorknob or simply close your eyes.
   • While sitting in comfort and relaxation, don’t be distracted by your thoughts. Instead, try to keep your focus on the word or object for 5–10 minutes or until you feel calm and serene.
3. Try tai chi. If you can’t sit still for 5 minutes or more, consider practicing tai chi. Tai chi is composed of slow, deliberate movements, meditation, and deep breathing.^[63]
   
   • Practice regularly to master forms of tai chi, up to 15-20 minutes at home twice each day.^[64]
   • Before beginning a tai chi program, you should check with your doctor and discuss your health needs with the tai chi instructor. Tell your instructor about any health conditions you may have besides acid reflux to help them create a personalized fitness program for you.

EditSeeking Professional Medical Help

1. See a doctor for a diagnosis. Home remedies may work some cases, but if your symptoms return consistently, then you should see your doctor. Acid reflux or heartburn may feel like a burning sensation in your chest, or taste like sour liquid in the back of your mouth and usually occurs after eating, stress, physical exercises or lying down. Sometimes acid reflux can progress to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with additional symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, difficulty swallowing, and increased chest pain especially when resting. If you experience any of these symptoms frequently, you should visit your doctor to determine if you may have GERD.
   
2. Ask your doctor about medication for acid reflux. Your doctor may suggest prescription medication to help treat moderate-to-severe symptoms of acid reflux.^[65] Whenever you are prescribed medication, it’s important to let your medical provider know about any other medications, herbs or supplements to avoid side effects. Medications that can help are:^[66]
   
   • Antacids used to treat mild-to-moderate heartburn. These are the combination of magnesium, calcium, and aluminum with a buffering agent, such as a hydroxide or bicarbonate ion. Antacids can help provide immediate relief that lasts up to an hour. Side effects may include diarrhea or constipation.
   • H-2-receptor blockers work to reduce histamine 2, a chemical floating in the stomach that signals it to make acid. These may not provide relief as quickly as antacids, but may be effect for people with severe symptoms of GERD.
   • Proton pump inhibitors are more effective than H2 blockers at helping relieve symptoms of moderate-to-severe GERD and heartburn while healing the esophageal lining.
   • Your doctor can help determine the right medication and optimal dose for your condition.
3. Ask your doctor about side effects of other medicine. Certain medications you might be taking for other ailments can make your acid reflux worse, either as a side effect or causing intolerance. It is important to ask your doctor about other medications and supplements that may make your symptoms worse. Some medications for other conditions that commonly cause problems with acid reflux are:^[67]
   
   • Anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and Aleve, which may also be associated with an increased risk of peptic ulcers
   • Calcium channel blockers for high blood pressure or angina
   • Anticholinergics for urinary tract infections, allergies, or glaucoma
   • Beta adrenergic agonist for asthma or obstructive lung disease
   • Bisphosphonates for osteoporosis.
   • Some sedatives, antibiotics, potassium, or iron supplements.
4. Consider getting surgery. Surgery might be an option for you if medication and lifestyle adjustments don’t help alleviate your acid reflux symptoms and interfere with your daily activities or have caused permanent damage to your esophagus. Your doctor may recommend getting fundoplication, a minimally invasive surgical treatment that involves wrapping the upper portion of the stomach around the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to reinforce and strengthen the LES. This procedure is safe and effective for people of all ages who experience moderate-to-severe symptoms of GERD and wish to avoid life-long dependence on medication.^[68]
   

EditTips

• Being overweight increases your risk of GERD, and you’re going to suffer from occasional heartburn a lot more as well. This is because unnecessarily added pounds will put pressure on your lower esophageal sphincter. It will be more likely to loosen, and overtime it may simply weaken.

EditWarnings

• Prolonged high levels of stress increase the severity of many health problems, including stomach ulcers, acid reflux, and other stomach acid symptoms. Find ways to reduce and manage stress to keep your stomach healthy.

EditRelated wikiHows

• Sleep Better

EditSources and Citations

Cite error: <ref> tags exist, but no <references/> tag was found

from How to of the Day http://ift.tt/1MBr6mw

How to Treat Crepitus in the Knee

Our knees are composed of three bones — the femur, tibia, and patella, or knee cap. In between are structures made of a softer substance called cartilage, which act as cushions.^[1] In the case of certain diseases such as osteoarthritis, the protective cartilage deteriorates and is thought to cause the bones to grind against each other producing a crackling or popping sound called crepitus, which can be accompanied by pain. Here are some strategies to prevent and treat this painful condition.

EditSteps

EditTreating Knee Crepitus Caused by Osteoarthritis

1. Know the symptoms of osteoarthritis. ^[2] Unlike the "normal" popping sound that can come from stretching, which is painless, knee crepitus from arthritis is often quite painful. Luckily, there are several ways to detect osteoarthritis:^[3]
   
   • Look for signs of pain, redness, swelling and stiffness while walking. The most common location of crepitus from arthritis is in the inner part of the knee.
   • Feel for the presence of crepitus by placing one hand on top of the knee while flexing and extending the joint. Usually, crepitus results in a soft yet crunchy sensation.^[4]
2. Reduce local swelling. If the crepitus is accompanied by pain and signs of inflammation, apply ice packs (wrapped in a towel) to the area. Ice packs help decrease the swelling of the inflamed area and ease the associated pain.
   
   • You may also take small amounts of over-the-counter NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) such as Advil (Ibuprofen) or Naproxen (Aleve) for quick pain relief. However, don't rely on these drugs for long-term pain relief, as they can affect the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract.
   • The benefit of NSAIDs (which are anti-inflammatory medications) is that they not only diminish pain, but also reduce inflammation.
   • You may combine an NSAID with an over-the-counter painkiller such as Tylenol (Acetaminophen). This does not diminish inflammation, but it can definitely help to diminish the pain, and the two medications in concert (an NSAID and Tylenol) can be extremely effective and helpful at getting you through your day-to-day activities pain-free.
3. Get a prescription for anti-inflammatory drugs. Prescription NSAIDs include Indocin, Daypro, Relafen, and a variety of other drugs.^[5] Prescription-strength anti-inflammatory drugs are stronger-acting than over-the-counter varieties and may prove more effective at fighting the pain and inflammation associated with knee crepitus. However, these stronger drugs require permission from a doctor, which usually means your knee crepitus will need to be clinically examined by one.
   
   • Prescription NSAIDs can have side effects - most commonly, stomach irritation, but in severe cases (and in cases of overdose), stomach ulcers and kidney damage are possible.^[6] Always take medicine as directed, and not more than your doctor recommends.
4. Receive a cortisone injection. Cortisone is a steroid hormone that is naturally produced by the body in response to stress. (Note: it is not the type of steroid used — and sometimes abused — by athletes and bodybuilders.) It suppresses the body's immune system, greatly reducing inflammation. For cases of painful knee crepitus, doctors may choose to inject cortisone directly into the knee joint to reduce pain and inflammation.
   
   • Cortisone injections have proven useful as a treatment for periodic "flare-ups" of knee crepitus. However, frequent, repeated injections into the joint can actually cause cartilage to deteriorate, worsening crepitus-associated pain. For this reason, cortisone injections aren't suitable as a long-term form of treatment.^[7]
   • Cortisone injections are not recommended more than once every three months, but they can be used for as long as they are effective, which can be several years in certain cases.
5. Undergo a treatment called "viscosupplementation." Something called "synovial fluid" within the knee joint is used to lubricate and stabilize motion of the joint. In some patients with osteoarthritis, the synovial fluid becomes "thinner" - in other words, less viscous. This can lead to extra friction and abnormal joint movement. In this case, your doctor may recommend "viscosupplementation" — a procedure that involves injecting new fluid into your knee joint to strengthen and lubricate your knee joint.
   
   • Usually, this treatment takes place as a series of three to five injections over the course of several weeks.
   • Note that, of patients who undergo "viscosupplementation," about half find relief from their symptoms.^[8]
6. Wear a knee brace. Special medical braces are sometimes given to patients with arthritis in the knee. These braces shift the weight off of the inside portion of the knee, where crepitus is most common.^[9] Knee braces can also stabilize and support the knee joint, ensuring it bends in a healthy way and protecting it from further damage or irritation.
   
   • While over-the-counter knee braces are commercially available for cheap prices, most medical-quality knee braces need to be custom-made to fit your joint and can therefore be more expensive. Talk to your doctor for pricing information if you're interested in a knee brace.
7. Talk to a doctor about surgery. In severe cases of knee crepitus associated with arthritis, surgery may be an option. If your quality of life has seriously deteriorated due to knee pain and you've already tried non-surgical treatments, consider talking to your doctor about options for knee surgery.
   
   • There are several types of knee surgery that your doctor may recommend: Total or partial knee replacement, cartilage repair, knee arthroscopy, and knee osteotomy are common options.^[10]
   • Note that knee surgeries that work well for one patient may not work for other patients. Arthritis is notoriously tricky to treat — be sure you discuss all options with your doctor before you make a decision.

EditPreventing Worsening of Knee Crepitus

1. Make sure you have the correct diagnosis. Knee pain can be caused from a few different diagnoses, including osteoarthritis (caused by mechanical "wear and tear" on the knee joint over time — the most common cause), rheumatoid arthritis (caused by autoimmune problems), infectious arthritis, old knee injuries, or patellar dysfunction to name a few.^[11] It is key to see a doctor to establish the correct diagnosis, because the best treatment and management plan depends specifically on what is going on inside your knee.
   
   • Similarly, if you have been diagnosed with osteoarthritis, for example, but find that it is not improving with treatments, speak to your doctor about the possibility of investigating other possible diagnoses.^[12]
2. Manage your weight. Each pound of weight gain puts up to six more pounds of pressure on the knee joint. Thus, overweight people tend to develop arthritis more frequently than those at a healthy weight.^[13] To prevent future knee pain (and to lessen symptoms that already exist), try to maintain a healthy weight, primarily through diet (exercise may be limited by the presence of knee pain).
   
   • People with arthritis are advised to avoid processed or fried foods, sugars, refined carbohydrates, salt, preservatives, and corn oil, all which may aggravate the inflammation of the joint directly or through weight gain.
3. Exercise. Muscles around the joint act as shock absorbers, helping to support and stabilize the joints both in physically demanding situations (such as during sports and exercise) as well as in your daily activities. The stronger the muscles are, the greater stress they can absorb. To help prevent crepitus (and, if you already have it, to reduce it), gradually build the muscles around your joint through strength exercise.
   
   • For knee crepitus, thigh contraction is a great exercise that strengthen muscles around the knee joint. Place a rolled-up towel under your knee and tighten your thigh muscles. Hold it for five seconds and relax and repeat again for 10 times.
   • Isometric exercises such as straight leg raises ( with the knee locked), quad sets, or wall sits can strengthen the joint while limiting motion through the involved joint. This avoids aggravating the joint and increasing pain and inflammation).
   • Low-impact cardio exercises such as biking or swimming may also be done (recommended at least three times a week) to improve the muscle strength of the thigh and calf. These exercises can also help you lose weight, further reducing crepitus pain.
4. Try a combination of ice and heat packs.^[14] Both have been shown to help people diminish the pain that is often associated with knee crepitus. Try experimenting with icing and/or heat to see if it works for you.
5. Cautiously consider dietary supplements. Certain nutritional supplements, including glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, are used by some arthritis sufferers to treat and/or prevent crepitus.^[15] However, these supplements are not regulated by the FDA and have not yet been scientifically proven to work. There is also little information on any side effects from long-term use of these supplements. Clinical studies are underway to evaluate these supplements for medical use. In the meantime, talk to your doctor or someone you trust who has tried these dietary supplements before beginning to take them.

EditRelated wikiHows

• Treat Forearm Tendonitis
• Tell if a Fall Broke Bones Without an X Ray

EditSources and Citations

• http://ift.tt/1Be17Q5
• http://ift.tt/18qtyie
• http://ift.tt/1h9t4fF
• http://ift.tt/18qtyig
• http://ift.tt/1Be17Q8

Cite error: <ref> tags exist, but no <references/> tag was found

from How to of the Day http://ift.tt/1HjnoS9

How to Get a Second Bachelor's Degree

If you're still in college, getting a second bachelor's degree could be as easy as picking up a second major.^[1] If you've already graduated from college, it's a bit trickier. Getting a second bachelor's degree can be an important step in retooling your career or deepening your knowledge about a particular subject. There are challenges involved, however, including constraints on time, money, and enrollment policies. Before beginning a second bachelor’s degree program, research which institutions and courses of study are right with you. If you enroll in a program, stay aware of policies by contacting advisors so that you can complete your degree as efficiently as possible.

EditSteps

EditDeciding on a Plan of Study

1. Consider whether or not a second bachelor’s degree is the right plan for you.^[2] For many careers and goals, having just a single bachelor’s degree is sufficient. Those interested in more advanced study in a particular field might consider entering a graduate school program instead of earning a second bachelor’s degree, since graduate degrees can open additional career possibilities and provide more substantial qualifications if you want to work in a particular field.
   
   • Second bachelor’s degrees make the most sense if a career change or other factor requires you to acquire a body of knowledge in a substantially different field.^[3]
   • Some potential employers or others who review your credentials might see earning a second bachelor’s degree as showing a lack of commitment, so be prepared to explain your reason for earning one if you decide it is the best plan for you.
   • Many graduate programs don't necessarily require an undergraduate degree in the same field as a prerequisite for admission. For instance, you may be able to enter a graduate program in Sociology even if your undergraduate degree is in Anthropology, or a program in English if your bachelor's degree is in Computer Science. With this in mind, consider whether a graduate program or a second bachelor's degree is the best option for your plans. You can contact the graduate coordinator of the program you're interested in for details.
2. Choose the right field of study based on your career plans and an institution’s admissions requirements. Many programs will only consider admitting second bachelor’s degree students if their intended field of study is substantially different from their first bachelor’s degree.^[4][5][6] For instance, if you already have a bachelor’s degree in biology, some institutions will not admit you if you want to earn a second bachelor’s degree in microbiology. However, the same institution might consider admitting you if you want to earn a second bachelor’s degree in computer science.
   
   • Generally, the intention of most colleges and universities is to award first bachelor’s degrees to students.^[7]
3. Determine how you would fund a second bachelor’s degree program. While you may be able to find some financial aid as a second bachelor’s degree student, many loans, grants, and scholarships are only available to first bachelor’s degree students. When selecting a school and program, or deciding to get a second bachelor’s degree at all, make sure to consider the cost of attendance (tuition, fees, living expenses, etc.).
   
   • You can find information about costs of attendance at a particular college or university via its admissions website.
   • Private loans may be available to fund a second bachelor’s degree program, but can have high interest rates.
   • Contact an institution’s financial aid office about particular sources of funding that might be available to you as a second bachelor’s degree student.

EditApplying for Admission

1. Choose an institution or program you are permitted to enroll in. Some institutions or particular programs limit the number of second bachelor’s degree students they admit, or will not accept them at all.^[8][9] This is more frequently the case for high-demand courses of study or at campuses where student enrollment is at or above capacity.^[10][11] If this is the case for you, either look for a different institution to study the same subject at, or choose a different program of study at the same institution.
   
   • You can search for colleges and universities in a particular area using online databases.^[12][13][14] Then, check the admissions website for an institution you are interested in to see if it admits students seeking a second bachelor's degree.
2. Meet admissions requirements. Each college or university will consider specific criteria when determining which applicants to admit. Matching these criteria does not guarantee admission, but increases your chances of being accepted. For applicants seeking a second bachelor’s degree, common admissions requirements include:^[15][16]
   
   • Completion of a four-year college course of study leading to a bachelor’s degree. Most colleges and universities require your first bachelor’s degree to have been awarded by a regionally accredited institution.
   • Previous good standing at the last college or university you attended.
   • A good GPA. Many institutions require second bachelor’s degree applicants to have maintained a GPA above a certain threshold, particularly if the intended concentration is in a high-demand field.
   • If you are an international student, there may be additional admissions requirements for you, such as certifying language competency or showing proof of accreditation for your previous bachelor’s degree.^[17][18]
3. Complete the application for admission. Depending on the college or university you are applying to, there may be a special application for second bachelor’s degree students. Other colleges and universities will have only one application for all students.^[19][20][21] Check the admissions website for a college or university you are thinking about applying to for details on the application process.
   
   • Most institutions have application fees, including for those seeking a second bachelor’s degree.^[22][23]
   • You may have to submit special documents as part of your application, including transcripts and/or proof of your previous degree, a statement of purpose or admissions essay, etc.
   • If you are seeking a second bachelor’s degree at the same institution which awarded your first one, you may be asked to complete an application for readmission instead.^[24]

EditCompleting Your Degree

1. Meet with an advisor. After you are admitted, you should meet with the academic advisor for your program of study.^[25][26] He or she can help you figure out which courses to take to complete your program, how to declare your major, and make you aware of any other requirements you need to complete at your college or university.
   
2. Complete your course of study. Once admitted and enrolled, you should begin taking courses and completing other requirements necessary to get your second bachelor’s degree. Depending on your institution and program, you may or may not be able to apply courses taken for your first bachelor’s degree for credit toward your second one.^[27]
   
   • Even if you received your first bachelor’s degree from the same institution you are attending to earn your second one, you may not be able to get credit for previous courses taken, since institutional and program requirements can vary.^[28]
   • Institutions that allow you to transfer credits from a previous degree program may still require you to take at least a certain number of credit hours for your second degree program.
   • As a second bachelor’s degree student, you may also be required to maintain a certain GPA.^[29]
3. Graduate. Once you complete all institutional and program requirements for your second bachelor’s degree, you can apply for graduation and officially receive your degree.
   

EditSources and Citations

Cite error: <ref> tags exist, but no <references/> tag was found

from How to of the Day http://ift.tt/29c4wdq

How to Deal with Painful Ovulation

When you ovulate, your ovary releases an egg, along with follicular fluid and blood. For many women, normal ovulation produces no symptoms at all, but some women regularly experience pain and discomfort when they ovulate. These symptoms are sometimes called “mittelschmerz,” from the German words for “middle” (because ovulation occurs at the midpoint of your menstrual cycle) and “pain.” Here you can find out how to identify and cope with painful ovulation.

EditSteps

EditIdentifying Painful Ovulation

1. Understand your menstrual cycle. Your menstrual cycle is the time from the first day of one menstrual period (this is “day one” of your cycle) to the first day of the next menstrual period. A typical cycle lasts 28 days, but if you chart your menstrual periods on a calendar, you may notice that your own cycle is longer or shorter. During the first half of your menstrual cycle (before ovulation), you menstruate, your uterine lining thickens again, and hormones begin working to trigger ovulation. During the second half of your menstrual cycle (after ovulation), an egg is either fertilized, or the body prepares to shed the uterine lining again.
   
   • Your own menstrual cycle may vary by a few days each month, and this is not something to worry about.
   • However, if your menstrual cycle varies significantly (by a week or more over a period of several months), it is best to see your doctor.
   • Although there are many non-concerning causes for variable periods, there are some that can be helped with treatment (such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, where periods come infrequently due to hormone imbalance), so a doctor's advice is always best if you are in doubt.
2. Know when you ovulate. Ovulation usually occurs at the midpoint of your menstrual cycle — for women with a typical 28-day cycle, then, ovulation occurs around Day 14. If you think you may be experiencing painful ovulation, charting your cycles for a few months can help you confirm the timing.
   
   • The second half of the menstrual cycle (after ovulation) tends to be consistent among women at 14 days (14 days before your next period begins). Therefore, if you happen to have notably longer or shorter intervals between periods (as compared to the average of 28 days), know that ovulation can be calculated by charting 14 days prior to the start of each period.
   • Understand that ovulation is when the egg is released by the ovary. It entails rupturing the membrane of the ovary at the location where the egg exits, which can be accompanied by bleeding and a pressure sensation. For many women, this goes unnoticed; however, for some, the blood in the abdominal cavity and pressure against the ovarian membrane can be a notable source of discomfort.
3. Note your symptoms. If you are experiencing lower-abdominal or pelvic pain or pressure around the midpoint of your menstrual cycle, and if this pain disappears within a day and does not reappear until you ovulate again, you probably have painful ovulation. (It could be pain from other internal organs, but pain with this specific pattern that repeats most cycles is most often from ovulation.)
   
   • You may notice that the pain seems to be on only one side of your abdomen at a time. This is because ovulation occurs only on one side or the other, and this varies with each menstrual cycle (it does not alternate, but switches at random).
   • Pain during ovulation may sometimes be accompanied by minor vaginal bleeding; you may also experience some nausea.
   • The pain from ovulation tends to last anywhere from a few hours to two to three days.
   • Approximately 20% of women experience pain mid-cycle with ovulation. In most cases, it is relatively mild, but in some cases it can be severe and unbearable.
4. Follow up with your doctor. As long as the symptoms are not severe, painful ovulation is probably harmless. Nevertheless, it’s important to see your doctor and rule out other possible causes of your pain (such as ovarian cysts, endometriosis, or if the pain is worse in any particular episode it may be a more severe and urgent condition such as appendicitis).
   

EditTreating Painful Ovulation

1. Wait it out. If your symptoms are minor, or if they tend to disappear quickly (some women experience pain for only a few minutes), you probably don’t need to do anything at all.
   
2. Take over-the-counter pain relievers. Basic pain relievers like ibuprofen, naproxen, and acetaminophen should help relieve your symptoms. Follow the instructions on the label, and do not exceed the recommended dosage.
   
   • Note that different women find different over-the-counter pain medications to be more effective than others, and this varies from woman to woman. If you find that one does not work particularly well, do not hesitate to try another, as you may find greater success in trying another type of medication.
   • Anti-inflammatory pain medications (such as ibuprofen and/or naproxen) are known to be troublesome for people who have been diagnosed with kidney or stomach problems. If you fall into either of these categories, consult your doctor prior to use. Or, if you notice symptoms of upset stomach after starting the medication, consult your physician for further advice.
3. Use heat. Some women report that a heating pad alleviates their symptoms. Apply the heating pad to the lower abdomen, and repeat as necessary.
   
   ^[1]
   • The reason heat works so well is that it enhances blood flow to the area of pain, relaxes muscles, and eases cramps. ^[2]
   • Some women also report that a cold pack or cold compress can help to alleviate pain, so you can try both heat and cold and see what works best for you.
4. Take a bath. A warm or hot bath may work like a heating pad does to relax you and relieve your symptoms.
   
   ^[3]
5. Consider taking birth control pills. If your symptoms are very bothersome, you can try hormonal contraceptive pills. Prescription birth control pills prevent pregnancy, in part, by stopping ovulation. If you begin taking hormonal birth control pills, you will no longer ovulate, and your painful ovulation will therefore disappear.
   
   • Note that birth control pills are the only effective way to prevent ovulatory pain, as they halt ovulation altogether (by suppressing your natural hormones and therefore preventing ovulation).
   • Birth control pills are therefore the most effective mode of treatment for painful ovulation, if home remedies (such as heat or cold) and over-the-counter medications are insufficient.
   • See your doctor to discuss the pros and cons of birth control pills and whether they are the right choice for you. You may also wish to chart your menstrual cycle over a few months time and bring this in to your doctor so that he or she can have a clearer picture of what's going, and perhaps come up with a more specific diagnosis.
6. Watch for symptoms of a more serious problem. For many women, painful ovulation is a bothersome but normal part of the menstrual cycle. Serious symptoms, though, are not normal. If your pain lasts longer than two or three days, or if you experience any of the following symptoms along with the usual mid-cycle pain, seek medical treatment immediately:
   
   • Fever
   • Painful urination
   • Redness or inflammation of the skin on your abdomen or pelvis
   • Severe nausea or vomiting
   • Heavy vaginal bleeding
   • Abnormal vaginal discharge
   • Abdominal swelling

EditTips

• Charting your menstrual cycle can be helpful for a number of reasons. It will help you confirm that your pain is happening with ovulation, but it will also show you when your menstrual periods are due and help you to understand when your fertility is highest. In addition, if you have “mittelschmerz” or any other menstrual, reproductive, or sexual difficulties, an accurate charting of your menstrual cycle can help your doctor diagnose and treat you.
• You may notice that the pain shifts, from month to month, from one side of your lower abdomen to the other. This is because ovulation switches from ovary to ovary with each new cycle (although it does not alternate each month, but rather is random as to which ovary ovulates each month).
• Some women who never experienced symptoms during their teens or twenties begin noticing the symptoms of painful ovulation in their thirties. As long as the symptoms are mild and not accompanied by any of the warning signs listed above, this is not cause for concern.

EditSources and Citations

Cite error: <ref> tags exist, but no <references/> tag was found

from How to of the Day http://ift.tt/29hshih

How to Hold a Chinchilla

Rabbits, gerbils and hamsters may be more common choices, but chinchillas make great pets, too. Like rabbits, gerbils and hamsters, chinchillas are rodents with soft fur and a tail of medium length. They originate from South America.^[1] Your chinchilla will learn to be comfortable with you if you handle it from an early age. Hold your chinchilla confidently to keep your pet secure.

EditSteps

EditAllowing Your Chinchilla to Get Used to You

1. Give it time. If your pet is new to you, get him settled into his new cage. Give him a few days to adjust to the household. When you are ready to introduce yourself, make sure to wash your hands. You want to make sure that your hands smell like you, rather than whatever you've just been touching or eating.
   
2. Let your chinchilla get used to you. Use food to introduce yourself in a friendly manner to your chinchilla. Hold a chinchilla treat (timothy hay, greens or a piece of cactus fruit) in the palm of your hand, keeping your hand flat. Your chinchilla will come to investigate. Let him sniff your hand and pick up the treat on his own.^[2]
   
   • Once he is comfortable eating food out of your hand, hold the food with your fingers. Hand feed your chinchilla once for a few days, until he is comfortable.

EditApproaching Your Chinchilla

1. Approach your chinchilla slowly. Chinchillas can be rather skittish so make your approach as slow and stress-free as possible. They don't usually bite, but they can by shy.^[3]
   
2. Talk soothingly to your chinchilla and calmly stroke him. Chinchillas like to sleep most of the day and are more active in the evening. This is why they prefer a calm environment during the day.^[4]
   
   • Remember, a chinchilla is a rodent, a prey animal. This means it will run and hide to protect itself. If your chinchilla runs away from you, don't chase him.^[5] Chasing him will only make him more fearful.

EditHolding and Picking Up Your Chinchilla

1. Hold your chinchilla with a towel. Consider using leather gloves or a towel when you first pick up your pet or if you have a wriggly chinchilla. This will protect your hands if he tries to bite. Keep holding the chinchilla in a towel in your lap and pet him for short periods of time. Short, successful restraint attempts will help the bonding process.^[6]
   
   • Holding your chinchilla in a towel will also prevent scruffing or loss of fur. Make sure it's a lightweight blanket or towel. Don't leave it on too long or your chinchilla may overheat.^[7]
2. Place your hands gently around your chinchilla's chest. You want to have your palms under his belly, with your fingers extending up towards his back. As you lift, shift one of your hands so that it is supporting his hind legs and hindquarters.^[8]
   
   • If you have to, you can briefly pick up your chinchilla by the base of his tail where it meets the body. Do not dangle him. Immediately place him on your other forearm to avoid injury.^[9][10][11]
3. Lift your chinchilla towards your torso. Hold him secure between your chest and your hands. Make sure that one of your hands continues to support his feet and bottom. If you grab his fur, you may leave a bald patch that will take months to regrow.^[12][13]
   
   • Some chinchillas like to have support under their front paws that allow them to sit upright.
4. Slowly place your chinchilla in his cage. When you're done holding him, gently lower your body towards the opening of the cage. Make sure you don’t squish him in the process. Carefully extend him toward the cage door and place him inside. You should still support his rear and legs while you're doing this.
   

EditTips

• Do not chase or corner your chinchilla. He will feel threatened and may bite.
• Always be prepared to prevent your chinchilla from jumping out if your hands. Stay low to the ground or near a soft landing place to prevent injury.

EditSources and Citations

Cite error: <ref> tags exist, but no <references/> tag was found

from How to of the Day http://ift.tt/1FnI3Nh