How to Grow Duckweed

Duckweed is an aquatic plant that is commonly found in lakes, forming what seems to be a green blanket over the water. Easily grown, it is a natural food for many animals and keeps mosquitoes from breeding on the water. If you would like to grow some for a science project, animal feed, or for fun, you can grow it indoors or outside in a pond.

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Growing Duckweed Indoors

1. Buy some duckweed at a pet store or harvest it from a pond. You might be able to buy some duckweed from pet stores in your area. Otherwise, you can take it from a pond it's growing in. Fill your container with some water from the pond. Then scoop some duckweed from the pond with your hand and place the duckweed into your container.^[1]
   
   • Place the lid on the container to prevent splashing while you bring the duckweed home.
   • Between 50-100 duckweed pods will be enough as they will grow and multiply quickly.
2. Disinfect the duckweed with potassium permanganate. You'll need potassium permanganate to disinfect the duckweed. Mix one teaspoon of this chemical in of water. Place the duckweed into the permanganate solution for 30 seconds or so.^[2]
   
   • Potassium permanganate can be bought at your local pharmacy.
   • Disinfecting the duckweed will make sure that it is free of pests and bacteria.
3. Place the duckweed in a plastic tray with of depth. This will help you create a suitable environment for the duckweed to thrive in. Fill the tray with freshwater and add the duckweed to it. Use freshwater from a pond for best results but you can also use tap water.^[3]
   
   • You need to use freshwater as duckweeds  are freshwater plants. This is why they only grow in ponds and not at sea. Salt water will kill the duckweed.
4. Position the tray so it receives 10 hours of sunlight daily. The best place to put the tray is right next to a window that receives at least 10 hours of sunlight each day. Like many plants, duckweed will thrive in direct sunlight. If you see duckweed in a pond, notice how the pond is almost completely without any shade and receiving plenty of sunlight.
   
   • If you can't put duckweed near a window that receives 10 hours of sunlight, you can also use fluorescent light bulbs to help them grow. For best results, place the light bulbs above the tray. The duckweed won't grow under these light bulbs as well as it would with direct sunlight.
5. Change the water in the tray after 1 week. Check the tray a couple of times a day and remove damaged duckweed from the tray. Replace the water in the tray with more freshwater.^[4]
   
   • It will take 10 days or so for the duckweed to multiply.
6. Use a net to transfer the multiplied duckweed to your desired location. If transferring the duckweed to a pond in your garden, make sure that the pond is receiving plenty of sunlight. If you're moving the duckweed to an aquarium, make sure that the aquarium lid has a light source attached to it.^[5]
   
   • Duckweed requires no further care or maintenance once it's in your pond or aquarium.
   • You can get a suitable net in your local garden store.

[Edit]Growing Duckweed Outside

1. Test to see if your pond's pH level is between 6.0 and 7.5. Duckweed grows best at between these 2 numbers. To find out the pH of the water in your pond, dip some litmus paper into the pond. Depending on how acidic or basic the water is, the paper will turn a color between red (highly acidic) and blue (very basic). If the paper is between a dark yellow and lime green in color, the pond water is suitable to use for your duckweed.^[6]
   
   • Buy some litmus paper at your local pharmacy.
   • If the pH of your pond is too acidic, use baking soda at a rate of 1 teaspoon for every of water. Do this until the pH reaches the 6.0 to 7.5 range.^[7]
2. Create a pond if you don't have one. The best place to dig your pond is an area that isn't low in elevation, has no muddy soil, and doesn't flood from excessive rain. Create steep slopes around the pond. The pond should be at least deep.^[8]
   
   • Don't place the pond too close to trees or to other things that might cast a shadow over it. Duckweed needs plenty of sunlight to be able to grow.
   • Using a waterproof plastic tarp or a pond liner, cover the pond's bottom surface area. Make sure there is at least a few feet extra of tarp extending around the ditch.
   • Cover the tarp with soil. Raise an edge/water-run-off barrier around it. Try adding some stones around the edges.
3. Fill your pond with freshwater if you built a pond. Duckweed will also grow in tap water once the pH is suitable. Fill your pond until the water reaches from the top of the pond. This will prevent flooding.^[9]
   
   • You might be able to buy large tanks of freshwater from your local garden store. If not, you can use tap water.
4. Add a dechlorinator to your pond. You can buy a dechlorinating agent at your local pet store. Read the packaging to find out how much water the agent is designed to treat. Unscrew the lid of the agent and pour the desired amount into your pond. This will remove chlorine from your pond.^[10]
   
   • Duckweed grows best in dechlorinated ponds.
5. Buy duckweed from a pet shop or harvest it from a pond. It's unlikely but you should check to see if your local pet store sells duckweed before you head to the local pond. If the pet stores don't have duckweed, find a pond with duckweed in it. Fill a container with fresh water from the pond and scoop the duckweed into the container.^[11]
   
   • 50-100 duckweed pods will be enough.
   • You can also use plastic drinking bottles to collect the duckweed. Just make sure you've properly washed the bottle out beforehand.
6. Disinfect the duckweed with potassium permanganate. You can buy this chemical from your local pharmacy. Mix one teaspoon of potassium permanganate in of water. Add the duckweed to this mixture and let it sit for 30 seconds. When the 30 seconds are up, remove the duckweed from the mixture and add it back to your container of freshwater.^[12]
   
7. Add the duckweed to your pond. Take the containers to the pond and place the duckweed into your pond. After 10 days or so, you should be able to notice the duckweed multiplying.^[13]
   
   • If you're putting other plants in your pond, pick plants that don't require plenty of sunlight. The duckweed will block most of the light from entering the pool.
   • Duckweed requires no further care or maintenance once it's in your pond or aquarium.

[Edit]Tips

• Duckweed likes still water, so there's no need for a fancy aeration system.^[14]
• Some fish enjoy eating duckweed, and it can be a great nutrition source for ducks and chickens. It can also be used in freshwater aquariums to absorb nitrates.
• If you already have an established pond, you can add a pound or so of duckweed to it. This is a treat for fish or other animals that will eat it!

[Edit]Warnings

• In most places, duckweed is viewed as a weed, good for a private pond. Do not release it into any sewer, lake, or river.
• Some cities do not allow people to have natural ponds over a certain size in a certain location. Check with your local regulations.
• In aquariums, especially if it's warm (over ), it will grow very quickly!^[15]

[Edit]Things You'll Need

[Edit]Growing Duckweed Indoors

• Duckweed
• Containers for transporting the duckweed
• Potassium permanganate
• A plastic tray with of depth
• Direct sunlight or fluorescent bulbs
• Freshwater
• A net

[Edit]Growing Duckweed Outside

• Litmus paper
• Freshwater or tap water
• A dechlorinating agent
• A Shovel
• Plastic tarp
• Potassium permanganate
• Duckweed
• Dechlorinated water
• Containers

[Edit]Related wikiHows

• Grow Freshwater Aquarium Plants
• Plant Aquatic Plants

[Edit]References

1. ↑ https://gardenerdy.com/how-to-grow-duckweed
2. ↑ https://gardenerdy.com/how-to-grow-duckweed
3. ↑ https://gardenerdy.com/how-to-grow-duckweed
4. ↑ https://gardenerdy.com/how-to-grow-duckweed
5. ↑ https://gardenerdy.com/how-to-grow-duckweed
6. ↑ https://duckweedgardening.com/2012/03/07/duckweed-growing-tips-and-tricks/
7. ↑ http://www.koihealth.info/understanding-ph.html
8. ↑ http://watergarden.com/pages/build_wg.html
9. ↑ http://watergarden.com/pages/build_wg.html
10. ↑ http://animals.mom.me/dechlorinate-water-hermit-crabs-1504.html
11. ↑ https://gardenerdy.com/how-to-grow-duckweed
12. ↑ https://gardenerdy.com/how-to-grow-duckweed
13. ↑ https://gardenerdy.com/how-to-grow-duckweed
14. ↑ http://aquaplant.tamu.edu/plant-identification/alphabetical-index/common-duckweed/
15. ↑ https://gardenpool.org/online-classes/growing-duckweed

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How to Measure a TV

As technology continues to improve, TVs continue to get bigger and better. If you’ve recently upgraded to a sleek new model, you may be wondering how best to measure it for display. Luckily, measuring a TV is incredibly simple, and only takes a few seconds in most cases. Stretch a tape measure from corner to corner to double-check the screen measurement given by the manufacturer. If you’re trying to fit your TV for a cabinet, stand, or spot on the wall, it will also help to find its actual width, height, and depth to make sure it will fit comfortably.

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Finding Your TV’s Dimensions

1. Measure the screen from corner to corner to confirm the advertised size. Regardless of whether you're measuring a flat screen TV or another model type, start with the end of your tape measure at the top left corner of the screen and extend it to the bottom right corner. Measuring the screen diagonally will give you the standard screen dimension that manufacturers use to advertise the size of their TVs.^[1]
   
   • Some common sizes for TVs based on the diagonal dimensions of the screen include , , , . , and .^[2]
   • You can also find TVs with screens as big as or larger.
2. Run your tape measure horizontally from side to side to find the width. This time, measure from the far left edge of the TV to the far right edge, including the bezel on both ends. The number you get will be the overall width, which should be a few inches less than the screen size.
   
   • A TV listed as , for example, will in reality only be wide.
   • Your TV’s width is its most crucial measurement—it will come into play whether you opt to mount it on the wall or set it up on a cabinet or stand.
3. Measure from top to bottom to get the height. Now, stretch your tape measure from the upper edge of the TV to the lower edge on the same side. Doing so will give you the overall height. Most newer TVs have a height that’s around 56% of the total width.
   
   • A TV with a screen that’s wide will have a height of around .
   • Generally speaking, height doesn’t matter as much as width. However, the vertical dimension could end up making a difference when you're deciding where to place your TV.
4. Find the depth of the TV by measuring from front to back. This may be a little tricky if the backside of the TV is tapered. In this case, it can help to hold another long, flat object (such as a ruler) against the rear edge and measure the distance between the screen and the reference object. If that’s not an option, you may also be able to get away with simply eyeballing it.
   
   • You may need to consider the depth of your TV in order to guarantee that it will fit an existing cabinet or stand.
   • TVs are continually being redesigned to take up less space. These days, many flat screen models are less than deep with a stand attached, and as thin as without.^[3]

[Edit]Making Sure Your TV Fits Your Display Space

1. Measure your intended display space. If you haven't already, find the exact height and width of the area where you want your TV to go. You'll also need to note the depth of cabinets, stands, or entertainment centers to determine whether they're big enough to hold your TV.^[4]
   
   • For maximum accuracy, round off your measurements to the nearest .
   • Jot the dimensions of your display space on a piece of paper and keep them with you when you're shopping around for your new TV.
2. Allow for an extra of room in your display space. Make sure the stand or section of wall you’ll be using is at least half a hand’s width larger than your TV on all sides. That way, you can ensure that it fits comfortably and avoid any unpleasant surprises when it comes time to set it up.
   
   • You may be able to squeeze a TV into an entertainment center with a opening, but it will probably be too cramped to look good. A better choice would be a or model, which will provide a little breathing room on either side.
   • You’ll need to know your TV’s width and height if you intend to mount it on the wall. If you want to place it on a stand or in an enclosed cabinet, and you’ll also need to factor in its depth.
3. Pick out a TV big enough to see clearly from where you’ll be sitting. A screen may sound impressive, but it could be a little underwhelming if you’re watching from the opposite side of the room. When it comes to arriving at a reliable size estimate, a good rule of thumb is to multiply the distance between your seating area and TV in inches by 0.84.^[5]
   
   • If you’re going to be sitting about away from your TV, for instance, a will provide optimum visibility.
   • Another option is to use an online viewing calculator to get a better idea of what size screen would look best in your display space, or how far away you should sit from a screen of a certain size to get the best view.^[6]
4. Understand your TV's aspect ratio to enjoy the best picture. The term “aspect ratio” refers to the relation between the width and height of a TV’s display image. Newer widescreen TVs normally have an aspect ratio of 16:9. This means that the picture has a height of for every of width.^[7]
   
   • Standard TVs squeeze the picture into a square image with an overall smaller area, while widescreen TVs take advantage of their added width to display the full image in its proper dimensions.^[8]
   • A standard (4:3) TV and a widescreen TV could have the same diagonal screen measurement, but the picture would look quite different for each.
5. Multiply standard screen sizes by 1.22 to get the same aspect ratio on a widescreen TV. If you’re thinking about upgrading to a widescreen TV but you’d prefer to continue watching in a 4:3 format, multiply the diagonal screen measurement of the old TV by 1.22. The resulting number will tell you how big your new TV would have to be to produce the same size 4:3 image.
   
   • If you currently have a standard TV, you’ll need a widescreen TV with a screen that’s at least least to make sure your picture doesn't get smaller.

[Edit]Video

[Edit]Tips

• If you're not sure you can afford a TV of a particular size, take a look at other styles in the same size. A plasma TV will usually be more affordable than a LED flat screen, while a standard LED TV may cost considerably less than a 4K smart TV.

[Edit]Related wikiHows

• Pick a Flat Screen TV
• Mount a Flat Screen TV

[Edit]References

[Edit]Quick Summary

1. ↑ https://www.livingspaces.com/inspiration/ideas-advice/guides/tv-stand-size-guide
2. ↑ https://tvsguides.com/popular-tv-screen-sizes/
3. ↑ https://www.reinisfischer.com/5-best-flat-screen-tvs-50-inches-and-more-buy-online
4. ↑ https://www.digitaltrends.com/home-theater/what-size-tv-to-buy/
5. ↑ http://www.crutchfield.com/S-Ml4iiPqKEBl/learn/learningcenter/home/TV_placement.html
6. ↑ https://www.inchcalculator.com/tv-size-viewing-distance-calculator/
7. ↑ https://www.rtings.com/tv/learn/what-is-the-aspect-ratio-4-3-16-9-21-9
8. ↑ https://www.rtings.com/tv/learn/what-is-the-aspect-ratio-4-3-16-9-21-9

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How to Make an Apple Pie

Apple pie is a classic that's welcome any time of the year. For a flaky crust that melts in your mouth, mix an all-butter crust and cut your favorite apples into wedges. Then, combine the apples with spices and brown sugar, roll out the dough, and lay it in the bottom of your pie plate. Spoon the spiced apples into the pie shell and lay the rest of the pastry dough over the fruit. To give your pie a beautiful golden crust, brush an egg wash across the pastry before baking it.

[Edit]Ingredients

[Edit]Pastry Dough

• 1 2/3 cups (225 g) of all-purpose flour, plus more for rolling
• 1 tablespoon (15 g) of sugar
• 1 teaspoon (4 g) of kosher salt
• 1 cup (225 g) of unsalted butter, cold
• of cold water

[Edit]Apple Filling

• 1 cup (225 g) of packed brown sugar
• 2 1/2 teaspoons (6.5 g) of ground cinnamon
• 3/4 teaspoon (3 g) of kosher salt
• 1/2 teaspoon (1 g) of ground ginger
• 1/4 teaspoon (0.5 g) of grated nutmeg
• 1/4 teaspoon (0.5 g) of ground cloves
• of tart apples
• 1/4 cup (25 g) of tapioca starch

[Edit]For the Egg Wash

• 1 large egg
• 1 large egg yolk
• of heavy or whipping cream
• 1/8 teaspoon (0.5 g) of kosher salt

Makes 1 9-in (22 cm) pie

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Making the Pastry Dough

1. Whisk the flour, sugar, and salt. Get out a medium bowl and put 1 2/3 cups (225 g) of all-purpose flour into it along with 1 tablespoon (15 g) of sugar and 1 teaspoon (4 g) of kosher salt. Whisk the dry ingredients for about 30 seconds so they're combined.^[1]
   
   
   
   • Avoid using whole-wheat or bread flour for the dough since these will make the pastry too dense and tough.
2. Cut the butter into 1/2 in (1.3 cm) cubes and mix it into bowl. Cut 1 cup (225 g) of cold unsalted butter into cubes and put them in the bowl with the dry ingredients. Use your fingers to toss the butter and smash each cube until it's flat.^[2]
   
   
   • You don't need to cut or rub the butter into the dry ingredients since it will incorporate when you roll and fold the dough.
3. Stir in of cold water to make a shaggy dough. Pour the cold water into the bowl and use your hands to mix the dough until it comes away from the sides of the bowl. The dough should be rough and shaggy instead of a smooth ball.^[3]
   
   
   • The dough should be cool or it will become sticky and difficult to handle. If you need to cool the dough, wrap in plastic wrap and chill it for a few minutes before you roll and fold it.
4. Roll the dough into a 10 x 15 in (25 x 38 cm) rectangle. Sprinkle a large work surface with flour and scoop the dough onto it. Use a rolling pin to roll the dough into a large, roughly shaped rectangle.^[4]
   
   
   • It's important to have a well-floured surface or the dough will stick and make it difficult to handle.
5. Fold the rectangle twice to make a small, thick rectangle. Bring the narrow ends of the rectangle towards the center like you're closing a book. Then fold them in half again so you're left with a thick block of folded dough.^[5]
   
   
   • Folding the dough will create flaky layers within the pastry.
6. Divide the dough into 2 equal portions. Use a sharp knife or bench scraper to cut the dough into 2 portions. You'll roll out 1 portion for the bottom crust and 1 portion for the top crust.^[6]
   
   
   • Since you'll be rolling the dough into a circle, it doesn't matter what shape you cut the dough.

[Edit]Mixing the Apple Filling

1. Shake the brown sugar, salt, and spices in a sealable plastic bag. Get out a plastic bag and put 1 cup (225 g) of packed brown sugar into it. Add 2 1/2 teaspoons (6.5 g) of ground cinnamon, 3/4 teaspoon (3 g) of kosher salt, 1/2 teaspoon (1 g) of ground ginger, 1/4 teaspoon (0.5 g) of grated nutmeg, and 1/4 teaspoon (0.5 g) of ground cloves. Seal the bag shut and shake it to mix the ingredients together.^[7]
   
   
   • If you're short on time, substitute 3 1/2 teaspoons (8.5 g) of your favorite apple pie spice for the individual spices.
2. Peel, core, and cut the apples into 1/2 in (1.3 cm) slices. Rinse of apples and peel them. Then remove the cores and set the apples on a cutting board. Cut each apple into equal sized wedges that are about 1/2 in (1.3 cm) wide.^[8]
   
   
   • Use your favorite type of apple such as Granny Smith, Golden Delicious, Northern Spy, Jonagold, or Pink Lady.
   • You should have about 11 heaping cups (1.9 kg)of cut apples.
3. Add the apples to the bag and shake them. Open the bag with the spices and brown sugar. Put the apple wedges in the bag and squeeze out as much as as you can before you seal the bag shut. Shake the bag well so the apples are coated with the brown sugar spice mixture.
   
   
   • Mixing the apples in the bag will prevent them from browning since they're not exposed to air.
4. Let the apples rest in the bag at room temperature for 3 hours. The sugar and spices will draw moisture out of the apples as they sit. Turn the bag every once in a while to coat the apples in the syrup that will develop.
   
   • If you want to prepare the apples in advance, refrigerate the apples as they macerate for up to 8 hours.
5. Add the tapioca starch and shake the bag. Open the bag with the apple filling and add 1/4 cup (25 g) of tapioca starch. Seal the bag and shake it well so the tapioca starch mixes with the juice. The tapioca starch will thicken the filling as the pie cooks.^[9]
   
   
   • If you don't have tapioca starch, substitute cornstarch (also called corn flour) or instant clearjel.

[Edit]Assembling the Pie

1. Roll half of the dough into a 14 in (35.5 cm) circle and lay it in a pie dish. Sprinkle your work surface with a little flour and place half of the dough on it. Use a rolling pin to roll the dough into a large, thin circle that's 14 in (35.5 cm) in diameter.^[10]
   
   
   • Turn the dough frequently as you roll to prevent it from sticking to your work surface. You may need to sprinkle more flour if the dough becomes sticky.
2. Lay the pastry in a 9 in (22 cm) pie plate and trim the edges of the dough. Press the dough down so it fits into the corners and sides of the pan. The dough will extend up and over the sides of the pie plate. Take a sharp paring knife and cut the edge of the dough so it hangs over by 1 in (2.5 cm).^[11]
   
   
   • Discard the scraps or roll them thinly (about 1/4 in or 6 mm) thick and dust them with cinnamon and sugar. Bake them at until they crisp up and become golden brown.
3. Roll the remaining half of the dough into a 14 in (35.5 cm) circle. Sprinkle your work surface with a little more flour and roll out the remaining half of dough into another large circle. Lay a sheet of parchment paper on a baking sheet and lay the pastry circle on it.^[12]
   
   
   • Avoid trimming the circle for the top of the pie before you assemble the pie.
4. Cover and chill the pastry for 2 hours. Cover the pastry in the pie plate with plastic wrap and cover the pastry on the baking sheet with plastic wrap. Transfer them to the refrigerator and chill them for 2 hours so the gluten in the dough relaxes.^[13]
   
   
   • If you're in a rush and can't chill the dough, you can skip the resting time. Keep in mind that the pastry may not be as tender though.
   • To make the pastry ahead of time, roll and chill it for up to 8 hours.
5. Spread the apple filling into the pastry-lined shell. Remove the pastry dough from the refrigerator and remove the plastic wrap. Open the bag with the apple filling and pour it into the pastry in the pie pan. Use your hands or a spoon to arrange the apples so they're evenly distributed and mound a little in the center.^[14]
   
   
   • Remember to pour the accumulated spiced liquid into the shell too since this will thicken the filling.
6. Lay the top pie crust over the filling and seal the edges. Remove the baking sheet with the circle of pie dough and take off the plastic wrap. Place the circle over the apple filling and then pinch the top crust to the bottom crust. Then take a sharp knife and trim the edge to 3/4 in (19 mm) thick. Fold the sealed edge under itself loosely crimp the edges.^[15]
   
   • If you prefer, press the tines of a fork around the edges to create a hatched look.

[Edit]Baking the Apple Pie

1. Preheat the oven to and chill the pie for 30 minutes. Turn on the oven and chill the pie while the oven is heating up. Refrigerate the pie until the pastry is firm and cold.^[16]
   
   
   • You can refrigerate the assembled pie for up to 1 hour.
2. Beat the egg, yolk, cream, and salt to make the egg wash. Crack 1 egg into a small bowl and add 1 egg yolk, of heavy or whipping cream, and 1/8 teaspoon (0.5 g) of kosher salt. Whisk the mixture until it's completely combined and pale yellow.^[17]
   
   
   • The egg wash will make the pie a rich, golden brown as it bakes.
3. Brush the egg wash over the top of the pie and cut 6 vents in the pastry. Remove the chilled pie from the refrigerator. Dip a pastry brush in the egg wash and brush it evenly over the top of the pie. Then use a sharp knife to cut 6 vents across the top of the pie.^[18]
   
   
   • Each vent should be about 3 in (7.5 cm) long so steam can escape from the filling as the pie bakes.
4. Set the pie on a baking sheet and bake it for 75 minutes. Lay a sheet of parchment paper on a baking sheet and set the pie on it. Put the pie on the baking sheet into the preheated oven and bake it until the apples are soft and the pastry is golden brown.^[19]
   
   
   • The baking sheet will catch any drips if the filling bubbles up and over the pie as it's baking.
5. Cool the pie for at least 1 hour before you serve it. Take the pie out of the oven and let it rest at room temperature so the filling sets up. Then slice the pie and serve it with whipped cream or ice cream.^[20]
   
   
   • To store leftover apple pie, cover it with aluminum foil and keep it at room temperature for up to 3 days. You can also refrigerate it for up to 4 to 5 days.

[Edit]Video

[Edit]Tips

• For an easier way to make the pie, substitute store-bought pie dough for the homemade pastry. Just lay the pre-rolled pie dough into your pan and proceed with the recipe.
• If you'd like a unique look, top the pie with a lattice-work crust or crumb topping.

[Edit]Things You'll Need

• Measuring cups and spoons
• Bowl
• Plastic bag
• Whisk
• Sealable plastic bag
• Baking sheet
• Parchment paper
• Paring knife
• Knife and cutting board
• 9 in (22 cm) pie plate
• Rolling pin
• Pastry brush
• Pie server

[Edit]Related wikiHows

• Make Apple Pie in an Apple
• Pare an Apple

[Edit]References

[Edit]Quick Summary

1. ↑ https://www.seriouseats.com/recipes/2016/06/old-fashioned-flaky-pie-dough-recipe.html
2. ↑ https://www.seriouseats.com/recipes/2016/06/old-fashioned-flaky-pie-dough-recipe.html
3. ↑ https://www.seriouseats.com/recipes/2016/06/old-fashioned-flaky-pie-dough-recipe.html
4. ↑ https://www.seriouseats.com/recipes/2016/06/old-fashioned-flaky-pie-dough-recipe.html
5. ↑ https://www.seriouseats.com/recipes/2016/06/old-fashioned-flaky-pie-dough-recipe.html
6. ↑ https://www.seriouseats.com/recipes/2016/06/old-fashioned-flaky-pie-dough-recipe.html
7. ↑ https://www.seriouseats.com/recipes/2017/09/bravetart-easy-apple-pie-recipe.html
8. ↑ https://newengland.com/today/food/desserts/pies-pastries/best-apples-apple-pie/
9. ↑ https://www.kingarthurflour.com/guides/pie-baking/pie-thickener.html
10. ↑ https://www.seriouseats.com/recipes/2016/06/old-fashioned-flaky-pie-dough-recipe.html
11. ↑ https://www.seriouseats.com/recipes/2016/06/old-fashioned-flaky-pie-dough-recipe.html
12. ↑ https://www.seriouseats.com/recipes/2016/06/old-fashioned-flaky-pie-dough-recipe.html
13. ↑ https://www.seriouseats.com/2017/09/how-to-make-easy-apple-pie.html
14. ↑ https://www.seriouseats.com/2017/09/how-to-make-easy-apple-pie.html
15. ↑ https://www.seriouseats.com/2017/09/how-to-make-easy-apple-pie.html
16. ↑ https://www.seriouseats.com/2017/09/how-to-make-easy-apple-pie.html
17. ↑ https://www.seriouseats.com/recipes/2017/09/bravetart-easy-apple-pie-recipe.html
18. ↑ https://www.seriouseats.com/recipes/2017/09/bravetart-easy-apple-pie-recipe.html
19. ↑ https://www.seriouseats.com/recipes/2017/09/bravetart-easy-apple-pie-recipe.html
20. ↑ https://www.seriouseats.com/recipes/2017/09/bravetart-easy-apple-pie-recipe.html

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How to Apply Perfume

A simple guide on how to smell your best without overdoing it

Perfume may be just the thing to finish off your outfit, even if it's a T-shirt and your favorite jeans. Applying perfume can liven up a date night, and help attract your desired partner. However, there are some misconceptions as to how to apply perfume, where to apply it, and what types of perfumes to buy. The difference between applying perfume correctly and incorrectly is dramatic, and can change the course of how your evening goes. Luckily, the steps to correctly apply perfume are easy and simple.

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Preparing to Apply Your Perfume

1. Find your perfect perfume. Do not just wear something because it is a designer perfume. Make sure you absolutely love the perfume's top notes and bottom notes.
   
   • The top notes are what you smell initially right when you get near the spray bottle. These are usually citrus, fruit, and herb smells. They often wear off very quickly, so it is important to check the bottom notes as well.^[1]
   • The bottom notes are generally wood and natural smells. To find out if you like the bottom notes, spray a little of the perfume on the back of your wrist, wait 20 minutes and smell the perfume again.^[2]
   • You can also filter your decision by going to an actual perfume store (like Bath and Body, or at a perfume counter at a department store) and ask for help.^[3]
2. Choose a daytime or nighttime fragrance. If you are simply going out on the town, going to work, or visiting the beach, try a daytime fragrance. If you are planning a date, or going out to dinner, you might try a nighttime fragrance instead.
   
   • Look for labels on the packaging. They will usually say either "daytime" or nighttime." If they do not say explicitly, you can usually tell by the color of the packages. Bright yellows, and oranges mean springtime, and are generally daytime fragrances. Dark blues, reds, and purples suggest a nighttime fragrance.^[4]
   • Nighttime fragrances are generally sprayed on, or near the neck area. This is because they do not last as long, and you will want a more immediate impact. In that case, apply a little extra moisturizer to the area of choice to hold the fragrance better.^[5]
   • Daytime fragrances are generally sprayed down by the hips or knees. This is because they rise as the day goes by, and last longer. Therefore, use some extra moisturizer near the area of choice in order for the fragrance to hold on better.^[6]
3. Take a shower or bath. Your skin absorbs perfume better after it is nice and warm. Make sure when you take your shower or bath that the water is hot, so that your pores can open.^[7]
   
   • Use a body wash or soap that is unscented, or has very little scent. You do not want your perfume to clash with the smell.^[8]
   • This is also a great time to moisturize your skin. Use a cream or oil so that your skin becomes more openly receptive to the perfume.
   • Washing your hair can also help out if you plan on using the perfume in your hair. Make sure to use conditioner so that your hair if soft, and receptive of the perfume.
4. Dry your skin off. After you take a warm shower or bath, make sure your skin is dry. If you do not, when you spray the perfume on it will not stick. Specifically, get the hard to reach places like the back of your knees, your neckline, and your hair. These are what are called "pulse points," or places where your perfume goes on, and acts at its highest level.^[9]
   
5. Hydrate your skin. If you did not apply moisturizer during your shower, definitely do this after you dry off. The perfume has a much better chance to lock on to your skin if it is smooth and soft, rather than dry and rough.^[10][11]
   
   • A lotion or body oil work best. Apply a small amount to your hands and rub it between them. Then take your hands and apply the lotion/oil to the rest of your skin.^[12]
   • Another great option is petroleum jelly. The perfume will stick to the jelly molecules, rather than the pores, thereby keeping the fragrance alive longer. Apply small dabs and smooth them out on your skin.^[13]
   • The key is to hit the "pulse points." These include, but are not limited to: feet, knees, elbows, collarbone, and neck. These places are where you will apply the perfume, and where the perfume will be most effective.^[14]
6. Apply the perfume before you put your clothes on. Perfume sprayed directly onto clothes can cause water marks which look unseemly, particularly if you are going out to a nice dinner date. Perfume also works much better on "pulse points" rather than clothes, because the molecules interact with direct contact with skin.^[15][16]
   

[Edit]Applying Your Perfume

1. Hold fragrance away from your body. You will want to be at least 5-7 inches away from your chest/body. Point the nozzle in the direction of your body. If your skin gets to wet from the spray, you are holding it too closely.^[17]
   
2. Spray perfume onto your "pulse points." These points are places where blood vessels are close to the skin. There is extra heat at these points, and because heat rises into the air, your fragrance will more likely be smelled. Some of the most commonly used are collarbones, knees, and necklines.^[18]
   
3. Use targeted sprays. Rather than walking through a cloud of perfume mist, direct the spray exactly at the "pulse points." This will increase the effectiveness of the spray, and not cause you to lose so much of the smell.^[19]
   
4. Dab your perfume on. If your perfume is not a spray type, you can always use your hands to add the perfume onto a "pulse point." Simply shake a bit of perfume out onto your hand. Rub it between your hands. Gently apply to the skin, and rub gently in a small circle.
   
5. Let your "pulse point" dry without rubbing it. Keep your clothes off until the area is dry. Try and wait at least ten minutes. Neat and natural oils change the scents of the perfume, so you do not want to rub the perfumed area.^[20]
   
   • Rubbing your wrists together after you have perfumed them is a consistent idea perpetuated over and over again. However, rubbing your wrists together breaks down the molecules of the perfume, and dampens the smell.^[21]
6. Try not to overdo it with the perfume. A little bit goes a long way when it comes to perfume. It is best to put on too little, than too much. You can always sneak a bottle in your purse, and apply some later if you feel it is not strong enough.
   

[Edit]Choosing Your Targeted Location

1. Comb perfume through your hair. Fragrances latch onto fibers, so your hair is a great place to smell good for long periods of time. The perfume also attaches to hair products, such as shampoo and conditioner, making the fragrance last even longer.
   
   • Simply mist the spray onto the comb/brush. You can also apply some perfume with your hand or a towel to the comb/brush. Run it gently through your hair. Make sure to get it all over, rather than just in a few spots.^[22]
   • Make sure not to get too much in your hair, otherwise the alcohol in the perfume will dry your hair out.
2. Dab some perfume behind your ears. Veins are very close to your skin in this "pulse point." Put a small amount of perfume on the edge of your fingertips, and dab it behind your ears. Placing perfume behind your ears gets immediate effects and it best for nighttime perfumes.^[23]
   
3. Rub in perfume near your collarbone. Your neck/collarbone area has a lot of dips because of the bone structure. This gives the perfume plenty of room to rest, and interact with your skin. You can either dab some perfume on with your fingertips, or spray a little on, 5-7 inches away.^[24]
   
4. Spray perfume down your back. The back is not the typical place to put perfume. However, because it is a place entirely covered up by clothes, it has a long shelf life, and not be so overbearing when you go out. Simply reach your hand around and spritz a couple sprays down your backbone. You can also get a friend to do it for you if you cannot reach around.^[25]
   
5. Apply perfume behind your knees. Because your knees are constantly moving throughout the day, there is a lot of heat generated. This works with the perfume, and gradually moves the scent upwards as the day goes on. Simply dap a bit of perfume with your fingertips behind the knee, or spray about 5-7 inches away.^[26]
   
6. Administer perfume inside of your elbows. Just like your knees, your elbows are "pulse points" that constantly move throughout the day, generating heat. Dab some perfume in your elbows with your fingertips, or spray it on 5-7 inches away.^[27]
   
7. Apply perfume in your belly button. This is a rather odd place to put perfume, but it is a great place for your perfume to rest and interact with a "pulse point." It is also covered up with a shirt, so it is not so overbearing. Take a bit of perfume and place it on your fingertips. Run your fingers around and inside your belly button to apply the perfume.^[28]
   

[Edit]Utilizing Your Perfume

1. Familiarize yourself with your perfume. Skin reacts in different ways to different perfumes. Notice whether you can smell the perfume after a few hours is up. Check that your skin is not reacting negatively to a particular perfume.^[29]
   
2. Reapply scent every four hours. Even the best perfumes do not last very long. Ask a friend or family member whether they think you need some more. Oftentimes you can get used to the smell of your perfume, but it still might be strong.^[30]
   
3. Use alcohol wipes and hand sanitizer. If you think that there is too much perfume on you, simply take an alcohol wipe (baby wipe) and some hand sanitizer and wash that area off. You can then dry, and reapply the perfume. Make sure this time not to spray or dab too much.^[31]
   
4. Keep perfume out of sunlight, and cool. This is because heat and light change the chemical make-up of the perfume. The perfume then changes smell, which does not bode well for your date night. The best place to store your perfume is in a refrigerator.^[32]
   
5. Check the expiration date on your perfume. Like other products, perfume goes out of date. If you notice that there is a sharp smell when you open the bottle, that is another sign that your perfume is way too old.^[33]
   

[Edit]Tips

• Do not leave your perfume bottle in direct sunlight, because it makes its scent die out faster.
• If perfume doesn't sound like your thing, but you still want a nice, subtle scent: try a scented body wash and matching lotion.
• Try out new scents every once in a while. The same perfume grows old, and you might not be able to smell it after you get used to it.
• Change up perfumes on special occasions like Valentine's Day, or Christmas.
• If you don't like perfumes you could try using body mist.
• Try out a men's cologne. While there may be a stigma attached to this, there are many men's colognes out there on the market which smell great on women as well.
• Don't wear a different scented deodorant, or your smells can be too extreme.
• Keep your perfume in the fridge and it will last two to three weeks longer.

[Edit]Warnings

• Don't wear overpowering perfume that makes people around you uncomfortable.
• The key is to avoid dousing yourself in perfume. Just do a few light sprays here & there, and you'll do fine.
• Everyone has a personal "scent circle": approximately an arm's length from the body. No one should be aware of your fragrance unless he or she steps inside your "circle." Fragrances should be one of the most subtle, personal messages you send to those with whom you come in contact.
• Don't spray perfume with your clothes on. It can stain your clothing, and the perfume sticks to the clothes, not you.
• Never rub your wrists together (or just rub once to spread the perfume to the other wrist), rubbing wrists does not break molecules or remove perfume, but it does generate heat, which will cause the notes of the perfume to react differently due to faster evaporation.
• Many liquid perfumes are based in petrol or oil. Solid perfumes are less likely to possess these constituents.

[Edit]Related wikiHows

• Apply Cologne
• Make Solid Perfume
• Make Perfume With Essential Oils
• Use Fragrance to Be Seductive

[Edit]References

[Edit]Quick Summary

1. ↑ http://www.perfume.org/all-about-perfume/what-are-top-notes-heart-notes-and-base-notes-fragrance-notes-explained
2. ↑ https://intothegloss.com/2015/06/how-to-make-perfume-scent-last-longer/
3. ↑ http://www.popsugar.com/beauty/Where-Apply-Perfume-Correctly-24271852
4. ↑ http://www.eyemagazine.com/feature/article/sweet-smell-of-excess
5. ↑ http://www.allure.com/beauty-trends/how-to/2008/apply_fragrance
6. ↑ http://www.allure.com/beauty-trends/how-to/2008/apply_fragrance
7. ↑ http://www.bustle.com/articles/102441-how-to-apply-perfume-correctly-because-you-can-make-it-last-all-day-if-you-do
8. ↑ http://www.howcast.com/videos/30526-how-to-apply-perfume/
9. ↑ http://www.washingtonian.com/mom/glow/how-to-apply-perfume-so-it-lasts-all-day-and-night/
10. ↑ https://intothegloss.com/2015/06/how-to-make-perfume-scent-last-longer/
11. ↑ http://www.bustle.com/articles/102441-how-to-apply-perfume-correctly-because-you-can-make-it-last-all-day-if-you-do
12. ↑ http://www.howcast.com/videos/30526-how-to-apply-perfume/
13. ↑ http://beauty.about.com/od/fragranc1/a/where-to-apply-perfume.htm
14. ↑ http://www.washingtonian.com/mom/glow/how-to-apply-perfume-so-it-lasts-all-day-and-night/
15. ↑ http://www.thefashionspot.com/life/170743-how-to-apply-perfume-properly/
16. ↑ http://michellephan.com/beauty-tips-scents-the-proper-way-to-apply-perfume/
17. ↑ http://www.allure.com/beauty-trends/how-to/2008/apply_fragrance
18. ↑ http://beauty.about.com/od/fragranc1/a/where-to-apply-perfume.htm
19. ↑ http://www.nstperfume.com/2007/11/27/perfumista-tip-how-to-apply-perfume/
20. ↑ http://michellephan.com/beauty-tips-scents-the-proper-way-to-apply-perfume/
21. ↑ http://blog.freepeople.com/2013/07/4-tricks-perfume-day/
22. ↑ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3169620/Experts-reveal-apply-perfume-make-day.html
23. ↑ http://www.marieclaire.com/beauty/news/a15034/where-to-apply-perfume/
24. ↑ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3169620/Experts-reveal-apply-perfume-make-day.html
25. ↑ http://www.marieclaire.com/beauty/news/a15034/where-to-apply-perfume/
26. ↑ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3169620/Experts-reveal-apply-perfume-make-day.html
27. ↑ http://www.marieclaire.com/beauty/news/a15034/where-to-apply-perfume/
28. ↑ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3169620/Experts-reveal-apply-perfume-make-day.html
29. ↑ http://www.popsugar.com/beauty/Where-Apply-Perfume-Correctly-24271852
30. ↑ http://www.howcast.com/videos/30526-how-to-apply-perfume/
31. ↑ http://www.perfume.org/all-about-perfume/what-are-top-notes-heart-notes-and-base-notes-fragrance-notes-explained
32. ↑ http://perfumes.allwomenstalk.com/tips-on-how-to-wear-perfume
33. ↑ http://www.thefashionspot.com/life/170743-how-to-apply-perfume-properly/

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