How to Calculate Bond Value

A bond is a debt security that pays a fixed amount of interest until maturity. When a bond matures, the principal amount of the bond is returned to the bondholder. Many investors calculate the present value of a bond. The present value is one of several factors an investor may consider before buying the investment. A bond’s present value is based on two calculations. The investor computes the present value of the interest payments and the present value of the principal amount received at maturity.

EditSteps

EditAnalyzing Bond Basics

1. Consider how a bond works, and why bonds are issued. A bond is a debt instrument. Entities issue bonds to raise money for a specific purpose. Governments issue bonds to raise capital for public projects, like a road or a bridge. Corporations issue bonds to raise money to expand their businesses.^[1]
   • All of the features of a bond are stated in the bond indenture. Bonds are issued in multiples of a $1,000. Assume, for example, that IBM issues a $1,000,000 6% bond due in 10 years. The bond pays interest semi-annually.
   • $1,000,000 is the face amount or principal amount of the bond. That is the amount that must be repaid by the issuer at maturity.
   • IBM (the issuer) must repay the $1,000,000 to the investors at the end of 10 years. The bond matures in 10 years.
   • The bond pays interest of ($1,000,000 multiplied by 6%), or $60,000 per year. Since the bond pays interest semi-annually, the issuer must make two payments of $30,000 each.
2. Review how an investor can profit from owning a bond. Using the same example, keep in mind that dozens of investors may buy a portion of the $1,000,000 bond issue. Each investor will be paid interest twice per year. An investor will also receive their original investment (principal or face amount) when the bond reaches the maturity date.^[2]
   • Many retired people buy bonds because of the predictable stream of income from the interest payments.
   • All bonds are rated, based on their ability to pay interest and repay principal on a timely basis. A bond with a higher rating does not have to pay the same amount of interest as a bond with a lower credit rating.
   • A bond with a lower rating must compensate investors for taking more risk. They do that by offering a higher rate of interest.
   • Assume that IBM and Acme Corporation both issue a bond due in 10 years. IBM has a high credit rating and offers a 6% interest rate. If Acme has a lower rating, the company will have to offer a rate higher than 6% to attract investors.
3. Go over present value. To compute the value of a bond at any point in time, you add the value of the interest payments plus the value of the principal you receive at maturity. However, an investor should consider the present value of those payments to calculate an accurate value for the bond.^[3]
   • Present value adjusts the value of a future payment into today’s dollars. Say, for example, that you expect to receive $100 in 5 years. To find out what the $100 payment is worth today, you would compute the present value of $100.
   • The dollar amount is multiplied by a minimum rate of return. You may also see the rate described as the discount rate.
   • An investor can determine the discount rate using several different approaches. The discount rate may be your estimate of the rate of inflation over the remaining life of the bond. Your discount rate may also be a minimum expected rate of return. The minimum expectation is based on the bond’s credit rating, and the interest rate paid by bonds of similar quality.
   • Assume that you decide on a 4% discount rate for the $100 payment due in 5 years. The discount rate is used to discount (reduce) the value of your future payments into today’s dollars. In this case, you’re calculating the present value of a single sum of money.
   • You can find present value tables on the Internet, or simply use an online present value calculator. If you use a table, you will locate the present value factor for a 4% discount rate for 5 years. That factor is .822. The present value of $100 is ($100 X .822 = $82.20).
   • The present value of your bond is (present value of all interest payments) + (present value of principal repayment at maturity).

EditUsing Present Value Formulas

1. Use the concept of an annuity to calculate the value of your interest payments. An annuity is a specific dollar amount paid to an investor for a stated period of time. The interest payments on your bond are considered a type of annuity.^[4]
   • To calculate the present value of your interest payments, you calculate the value of a series of equal payments each year over time. If your 10-year, $1,000 pays 10% interest each year, for example, you would earn a fixed amount of $100 per year for 10 years.
   • The formula for present value requires you to separate your annual interest payments into the smaller amounts you receive during the year. If, for example, your $1,000 bond pays interest twice a year, you would use two payments of $50 each in your present value calculation.
   • The sooner you are able to receive any payment, the more valuable it is to you. If you receive $50 in June and $50 in December, for example, those payments are more valuable than receiving the entire $100 in December. You have the opportunity to use (or reinvest) $50 without having to wait until the end of the year.
2. Apply the present value of an annuity (PVA) formula to your interest payments. The formula is PVA = I[1-(1+k)^-n]/k. The variables in the formula require you to use the interest payment amount, the discount rate (or required rate of return) and the number of years remaining until maturity.^[5]
   • Assume that a bond has a face value of $1,000 and a coupon rate of 6%. The annual interest is $60.
   • Divide the annual interest amount by the number of times interest is paid per year. This calculation is I, the periodic interest paid. For example, if the bond pays interest semi-annually, I = $30 per period. Each period is 6 months.
   • Determine discount rate. Divide the discount rate required by the number of periods per year to arrive at the required rate of return per period, k. For example, if you require a 5% annual rate of return for a bond paying interest semi-annually, k = (5% / 2) = 2.5%.
   • Calculate the number of periods interest is paid over the life of the bond, or variable n. Multiply the number of years until maturity by the number of times per year interest is paid. For example, assume that the bond matures in 10 years and pays interest semi-annually. In this case, n = (10 X 2) = 20 interest-paying periods.
   • Plug in I, k and n into the present value annuity formula PVA = I[1-(1+k)^-n]/k to arrive at the present value of interest payments. In this example, the present value of interest payments is $30[1-(1+0.025)^-20]/0.025 = $467.67.
3. Input the variables and calculate the present value of the principal payments. The present value of the interest payments was an annuity, or a string of payments. The principal is a single repayment to the investor at maturity.^[6]
   • If, for example, you own a $100,000 bond due in 20 years, you will receive a single payment of $100,000 20 years from now. You use a discount rate to discount (reduce) that single payment into a value today.
   • The formula uses some of the same values you used in the annuity formula. Use the annuity formula first then apply those same variables to the principal payment formula.
   • Plug in k and n into the present value (PV) formula. Use the formula PV = FV/(1+k)^n to arrive at the present value of the principal at maturity. For this example, PV = $1000/(1+0.025)^20 = $610.27.
   • Add the present value of interest to the present value of principal to arrive at the present bond value. For our example, the bond value = ($467.67 + $610.27), or $1,077.94.
   • Investors use the present value to decide whether or not they want to invest in a particular bond.

EditVideo

EditRelated wikiHows

• Invest in Bonds
• Discount Cash Flow
• Calculate Bond Value in Excel
• Calculate Carrying Value of a Bond
• Calculate Bond Value and Current Yield
• Calculate Yield to Maturity
• Calculate Bond Discount Rate

EditSources and Citations

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How to Know if You Have Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a type of mood disorder affecting somewhere between one and 4.3 percent of the US population.^[1] It commonly manifests in periods of elevated mood known as mania. These manic episodes alternate with a depressed mood. Bipolar disorder often has an early onset. Research has shown that 1.8% of children and adolescents merit a Bipolar diagnosis.^[2] Typically though, the disorder is diagnosed around the late twenties or early thirties.^[3] This article will help you determine whether you, or people you care about, might have bipolar disorder.

EditSteps

EditIdentifying the Symptoms

1. Recognize the signs of mania. During a manic period, feelings of euphoria, creativity, and heightened awareness are common.^[4] Manic periods may last a few hours or stretch on for days or weeks.^[5] The Mayo Clinic describes the following signs of mania:^[6]
   
   • Having a feeling of being "high," so high, in some cases, that one feels invincible. This is often accompanied by the feeling that one has special powers or is godlike.
   • Dealing with racing thoughts. Thoughts may jump from subject to subject so quickly that it's difficult to keep up or concentrate on one thing.
   • Talking so quickly that others can't make sense of what one is saying, and feeling jumpy and restless.
   • Staying up all night or sleeping for only a few hours at a time, but never feeling tired the next day.
   • Exhibiting reckless behavior. During a manic episode, a person might sleep with several people and not use protection. He or she may gamble large amounts of money or make risky business investments. An individual might also spend money on large, expensive items, quit a job, and so on.
   • Exhibiting extreme irritability and impatience with others. This can escalate into starting arguments and picking fights with people who don't go along with one's ideas.
   • In rare cases, delusions, hallucinations, and visions can occur (e.g. believing to hear the voice of God or an angel).
2. Know the symptoms of bipolar depression. For those with bipolar disorder, the periods of depression are longer and more frequent than periods of mania. Watch for these symptoms:^[7]
   
   • An inability to experience pleasure or joy.
   • Feelings of hopelessness and inadequacy. Feelings of worthlessness and guilt are also common.
   • Sleeping more than normal and feeling tired and sluggish all the time.
   • Gaining weight and having changes in appetite.
   • Experiencing thoughts of death and suicide.
   • Note that bipolar depression often looks a lot like Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). A qualified professional can differentiate between the two disorders. He or she will look at the patient’s history of mania and severity of manic episodes.^[8]
   • The medication used to treat MDD is often not effective for treating bipolar depression. It also is often accompanied by irritability and mood swings that aren't exhibited by those with MDD.^[9]
3. Understand the signs of a Hypomanic Episode. A Hypomanic Episode is an abnormally and persistently elevated mood that lasts for four days. It can also include irritability and other symptoms.^[10]Hypomania is different from a manic episode because it is usually less severe. Watch out for:^[11]
   
   • Feelings of Elation
   • Irritability
   • Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
   • Decreased need for sleep
   • Pressured speech (speech that is rapid and intense)
   • Flight of ideas (when one’s brain seems to move rapidly from one idea to another)
   • Distractibility
   • Psychomotor agitation, such as bouncing your leg or tapping your fingers, or an inability to sit still
   • With hypomania, an individual may not have problems in their social or work life. This condition typically does not result in hospitalization. Someone experiencing Hypomania might feel elated, and have an increased appetite or sex drive. But, he or she would likely still be able to go to work and manage ordinary tasks without many, if any, negative consequences.
   • Someone in a Hypomanic episode can usually complete work tasks. He or she should also have appropriate (though perhaps intense) interactions with coworkers. With full mania, regular tasks at work would be difficult to complete without making errors in judgment. Likewise, inappropriate social interactions might lead to negative consequences. Delusions and hallucinations are also not present in Hypomania.^[12]
4. Understand mixed features. In some cases, people experience mania and depression at the same time. These individuals experience depression and irritability, racing thoughts, anxiety, and insomnia simultaneously.
   
   • Mania and Hypomania can qualify as having mixed features if there are also three or more symptoms of depression.
   • For example, imagine someone is engaging in risky behaviors. He or she is also experiencing insomnia, hyperactivity, and racing thoughts. This satisfies the full criteria for mania. If this person also experiences at least three symptoms of depression, this is a manic episode with mixed features. Example might be feelings of worthlessness, loss of interest in hobbies or activities, and recurrent thoughts of death.^[13]

EditUnderstanding Different Forms of Bipolar Disorder

1. Know the characteristics of bipolar I disorder. This form of bipolar disorder is the most commonly known manic-depressive form of the illness. A person classified as bipolar I must experience at least one manic episode or mixed episode. People with bipolar I disorder may also experience a depressive episode.^[14]
   
   • People with bipolar I are the most likely to experience highs that lead to risky behavior.
   • This form of the illness is often disruptive to one's work life and relationships.
   • Those affected by Bipolar I are more likely to attempt suicide, with a completed suicide rate of 10-15%.^[15]
   • People suffering from bipolar I are also at a high risk of having or developing a substance abuse problem.^[16]
   • There is also a connection between bipolar I and hyperthyroidism. This makes it even more important to see a doctor.^[17]
2. Understand the symptoms of bipolar II disorder. This variation involves less intense manic episodes and full-blown depressive episodes. The person may sometimes experience a muted version of hypomania. But, the underlying state is usually depression.^[18]
   
   • People with bipolar II disorder are often misdiagnosed as having depression. To tell the difference, one must look for the distinguishing characteristics of bipolar depression.
   • Bipolar depression is different from MDD because it is often paired with manic symptoms. Sometimes there is overlap between the two. It takes a qualified professional to distinguish between these conditions.^[19]
   • For people with bipolar II, mania may manifest as anxiety, irritability, or racing thoughts. Bursts of creativity and activity are less common.
   • Like bipolar I, there is a high risk for suicide, hyperthyroidism, and substance abuse in bipolar II.^[20]
   • Bipolar II tends to be more common in women than men.^[21]
3. Look for the signs of cyclothymia. This is a milder form of bipolar disorder that involves mood swings with less severe instances of mania and depression. The mood swings tend to operate on a cycle, going back and forth between depression and mania. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM):^[22]
   
   • Cyclothymia begins early in life and it’s onset is usually in adolescence and early adulthood.
   • Cyclothymia is equally common in men and women.
   • As with bipolar I and II, there is an increased risk of substance abuse for those affected by cyclothymia.
   • Sleep disorders are also commonly found alongside cyclothymia.

EditKnow How to Spot Bipolar Disorder

1. Look for seasonal changes in mood. It's common for people with bipolar disorder to experience a shift as the seasons change. In some cases, a manic or depressive episode will last an entire season. In other cases, the change in season prompts the beginning of a cycle that includes both mania and depression.
   
   • Manic episodes are more common in the summertime. Depressive episodes are more common in the fall, winter and spring. This is not a hard and fast rule, however; some people experience depression in the summer and mania in the winter.^[23]
2. Understand that having bipolar disorder doesn't always impair functionality. Some people with bipolar disorder have trouble at work and in school. In other cases, the person may seem to be doing just fine in these areas.
   
   • Those with bipolar II and cyclothymia can often function at work and school. Those with bipolar I tend to have a harder time in these areas.^[24]
3. Be aware of substance abuse issues. Up to 50 percent of people who suffer from bipolar disorder struggle with substance abuse. They use alcohol or other tranquilizers to stop racing thoughts during manic episodes. They may also use drugs to try to achieve a high when they're in a depressive episode.^[25]
   
   • Substances like alcohol have their own effects on mood and behavior. They can be difficult to distinguish bipolar disorder.
   • People who abuse drugs and alcohol are at greater risk of suicide. This is because substance abuse can increase the severity of both mania and depression.
   • Substance abuse may also instigate a cycle of manic depression.
4. Notice breaks from reality. People with bipolar disorder are often out of touch with reality. This occurs both during periods of extreme mania and periods of severe depression.
   
   • This can manifest as either a dangerously inflated ego or a sense of guilt that is not in proportion to real events. In some cases, psychosis and hallucinations occur.
   • Breaks from reality happen most frequently in bipolar I during manic and mixed episodes. They occur less often in bipolar II and almost never in cyclothymia.^[26]
5. See a specialist. Self-diagnosis is useful if it leads to taking the next step toward getting help. Many people live with bipolar disorder without receiving treatment. But, the illness can be better managed with helpful medications. Psychotherapy with a psychiatrist or counselor can also make a big difference.
   
   • Medications used to treat Bipolar Disorder include mood stabilizers, anti-depressants, anti-psychotic, and anti-anxiety drugs. These medications work by blocking and/or regulating certain chemicals in the brain. They regulate Dopamine, Serotonin, and Acetylcholine.^[27]
   • Mood stabilizers work to regulate a person’s mood. They prevent the extreme highs and lows of bipolar disorder. Among these are drugs such as Lithium, Depakote, Neurontin, Lamictal, and Topamax.^[28]
   • Antipsychotic medications help reduce psychotic symptoms like hallucinations or delusions during mania. They include Zyprexa, Risperdal, Abilify and Saphris.^[29]
   • Anti-depressant medications used to treat Bipolar depression include Lexapro, Zoloft, Prozac, and others. Finally, to manage symptoms of anxiety, a psychiatrist might prescribe Xanax, Klonopin, or Lorazepam.^[30]
   • Medications should always be prescribed by a qualified psychiatrist or physician. They should be taken as directed to avoid health complications.
   • If you're concerned that you or a loved one has bipolar disorder, reach out to a therapist or psychiatrist for diagnosis.
   • If you or a loved one is having suicidal thoughts, immediately contact a trusted loved one or friend. Call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-8255 for more advice.^[31]

EditVideo

EditTips

• If you are a heavy drinker or you use drugs, these can both cause mood swings with the appearance of bipolar disorder. Abstaining from these substances may help.

EditWarnings

• This article is only intended to help you look for possible symptoms of bipolar disorder. It is not meant to diagnose or treat. Please see a doctor if you think you or a loved one may have bipolar disorder.

EditSources and Citations

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How to Vacuum Your Pool and Backwash the Filter

This article attempts to explain the steps required to vacuum out a pool. There are different kinds of filtration systems for pools, such as cartridge filters, sand filters, and diatomaceous earth (D.E.) filters. The instructions here assume that you are using either a sand filter or D.E. filter, though some cartridge-based systems may be similar.

EditSteps

1. Turn off skimmers as noted on pipes.
   
2. Start by attaching the vacuum hose to the vacuum head.
   
3. Flood hose with water before placing adapter in skimmer to avoid loss of prime. Some skimmers require you to remove the basket before you can attach the hose, so be sure to do this if necessary. Holding one end of the vacuum line over the return port is a good way to bleed out the air trapped in the line.
   
4. Vacuum per manufacturer instructions. Basically, move very slowly and methodically while vacuuming. Follow a grid pattern to ensure all areas of the floor and slopes are cleaned.
   
5. Disconnect the hose from the skimmer and remove vacuum equipment.
   
6. Turn off the pump.
   
7. Clean the skimmer basket and hair basket. The hair basket is the one located at the pump.
   
8. Turn filter handle to the "BACKWASH" setting, and then turn on the pump.
   
9. Continue to let the pump run until the water in the sight glass on the filter is clear.
   
10. Turn off the pump and set filter handle to "RINSE", and then turn on the pump for about 60 seconds.
    
11. Turn off the pump and return the filter handle to "FILTER".
    
12. Turn on pump and resume normal use of the pool.
    

EditVideo

EditTips

• Never turn the filter handle while the pump is running. It will damage the gaskets inside of the filter, forcing you to replace them.
• It is always a good idea to vacuum first and then backwash after. Backwashing removes the gathered dirt and debris from your filter. If you don't backwash, your filter will slowly start to get clogged, causing too much pressure to build up while it's running. If the filter is under too much pressure, it could crack or explode.
• To avoid strain and damage to pumps and filters be sure to manually scoop out as much organic debris as possible before vacuuming. This is especially important when opening the pool in the spring.
• Run a garden hose into the pool when you plan to vacuum on "Waste". By raising the water level to the top of the skimmer mouth, you will have longer to vacuum, while keeping the water in the optimal range.
• If you vacuum a very dirty pool on "waste", it is possible to have organic material like leaves become clogged in the vacuum line, the pump strainer basket or even in the pump impeller.
• During vacuuming, be sure to keep an eye on the flow of the water returning into the pool, as well as the amount of suction you're getting. If either of these start to diminish, you will have to shut off the pump and clean out the hair basket.
• Some D.E. filters will require you to add more D.E. after backwashing. Check with your manufacturer for instructions on when and how to do this.
• If the pool is extremely dirty, it might be a better idea to "vacuum out to waste" instead. This is when you set the filter to the "WASTE" setting before vacuuming, causing the system to bypass the filter and remove the water from the pool.
• A good way to flood the hose with water at the very beginning is to place the vacuum head over the return outlet. This will fill the hose easily without having to try to hold the hose under whilst contesting air pockets!

EditWarnings

• If you don't have a waste function on the multiport valve- such as a standard push pull filter flow valve- do not vacuum the pool in the backwash setting as this will push debris into the inside of the filter cartridge on certain model filters.
• While backwashing or vacuuming out to waste, be sure not to do not drain the water level below bottom of skimmer. Fill the pool if necessary.

EditRelated wikiHows

• Diagnose and Clear Cloudy Swimming Pool Water
• Determine Which Pool Algaecide and Pool Clarifier Is Best for Your Swimming Pool
• Properly Maintain Swimming Pool Water Chemistry
• Diagnose and Remove Any Swimming Pool Stain

EditSources and Citations

• http://www.PoolPump.ca - Source information provided in part. Used with permission

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How to Use Pensions for Collateral Loans

When attempting to secure a collateral loan, it is sometimes possible to make use of the balance in a pension fund as the security for that loan. In many nations, there are restrictions on how and even if a pension can be used as collateral, making it necessary to work with lenders to determine if this is an option. When the balance of the fund can be utilized as collateral, there are normally a series of steps that must be taken to qualify the asset and determine if it meets the criteria established by the lender.

EditSteps

EditDetermining Whether You Can Use Your Pension as Collateral

1. Determine what type of retirement plan you have. Look at any retirement plan documents you have to determine if your plan is a 401(k) or an IRA. If you have an IRA, you cannot use your retirement plan as collateral for a loan. The IRS considers this to be a "prohibited transaction." You also cannot borrow from your IRA. However, if you have a 401(k) you may be able to borrow against your plan.^[1]
   • You may be able to get around this by using a 401(k) transfer to transfer money from your IRA into a 401(k). To do so requires that you have a 401(k) with your employer and that you get the consent of your 401(k) administrator. This may not be possible, depending on your plan.^[2] Consult with a financial professional for more information.
2. Read your pension plan. Even if your retirement plan can allow your funds to be used as collateral, this doesn't mean that they it does. Some plans do allow borrowing, but others don't. Those that do typically only allow borrowing under strict guidelines and limitations. You should always consult with a legal professional to make sure that you are reading and understanding the wording of your retirement plan properly before using it as collateral for a loan.^[3]
   • Some plans only allow you to take out a loan with the plan as collateral if you face certain hardships or meet other criteria.^[4]
   • Many, if not all, plans specify that the loan must be paid back in under five years using equal payments.^[5]
3. Understand who you will be borrowing from. When you take out this type of loan, you will essentially be borrowing from yourself. The money that you are using is the money in your own pension plan. Similarly, any interest paid will be going back to you. Take this into consideration when deciding whether or not to take out a 401(k) loan.^[6]
4. Figure out how much your plan will allow you to borrow. At most, the IRS allows borrowers taking out a loan against their retirement plan to borrow up to $50,000 or 50 percent of their retirement plan, whichever is smaller. This loan must be paid back with interest. If you quit your job before repaying the loan, you must repay the full balance within 60 days.
   • If you fail to repay the loan, and are under the age of 59.5, it becomes an early distribution and you will have to pay income tax and a 10% fee on the value of the loan.^[7]
   • If this amount is less than you need to borrow, you will have to seek other loan options. This loan ceiling cannot be raised.

EditTaking Out Your Loan

1. Fill out the loan application. To get started, you'll have to fill out loan paperwork with your 401(k) plan. This will require you to specify exactly how much you are borrowing and sign a contract promising to pay it back under certain guidelines. Be sure not to sign anything yet, even if you have filled out your loan application completely. You'll need to make absolutely sure that you are filling it out right and understand every provision of the agreement.
2. Have a lawyer look over the loan agreement thoroughly before signing anything. You should have a legal professional examine the loan agreement for any provisions that you may be unaware of and to be sure that the loan is being taken out in a legal fashion.^[8] Have your lawyer explain any contract sections or provisions that you are unsure about.
3. Check to see if the interest can be deducted. In many cases, interest on this type of loan is not tax deductible.^[9] However, in some rare cases, and depending on the loan agreement, your interest may be tax deductible. Consult with you lawyer to determine whether or not this is the case.^[10]
   • If this is the case, you may be able to maximize your returns by paying back a maximum amount of interest on your loan. Consult with a certified public accountant (CPA) for more information.^[11]
4. Be sure to repay the loan. As previously mentioned, failing to repay this type of loan can leave you with several different types of penalties to pay. In addition, you will have less money available for retirement. This type of loan is always required to be paid in full within five years, so keep that in mind when considering your ability to repay the loan.
   • If you are using the loan to purchase a primary residence, however, you may have up to 10 years to pay the loan back.^[12]

EditTips

• Since laws vary, it is important to talk with a legal professional and/or a financial professional about the viability of obtaining a collateral loan with the use of your pension as security. If this option is not available in your jurisdiction, the professional can often recommend other means of obtaining financing.
• While using a pension to secure a collateral loan is 1 option, consider trying other types of collateral or an unsecured loan if at all possible. Doing so minimizes the chances of limiting access to the pension fund during periods of illness or other events that would normally allow some type of lump sum disbursement.

EditRelated wikiHows

• Prepare a Retirement Plan
• Manage Your 401K Investments
• Invest in 401K
• Select an IRA
• Withdraw Roth IRA Contributions

EditSources and Citations

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How to Do Military Sit Ups

To pass the Army physical fitness test, men and women must be able to perform 53 sit ups - 72 to achieve an "excellent" rating. A sit up is disqualified if it's not executed using the proper form. See Step 1 and beyond to learn how to do sit ups according to the high standards of the US military.

EditSteps

EditGetting in the Starting Position

1. Lie with your back on the floor and your knees bent at a 90˚ angle. Get on a completely flat surface either on an exercise mat or outside on the grass. Your feet should be flat on the ground, separated by no more than .^[1]
   
   • During the military test, someone will hold your feet or ankles in position. Get a partner to hold your feet in order to simulate the actual test.
   • The heel is the only part of your foot that must maintain contact with the ground. You can raise up your toes if you want.^[2]
2. Lace your fingers behind your head. They need to stay laced throughout your set of sit ups; if you remove them from this position at any time, that rep will be disqualified.
   
   

EditPerforming a Sit Up

1. Raise your torso to a vertical position. Use your abdominal muscles to lift your body until the base of your neck is above the base of your spine. Stop when the bend in your hips is at a 90˚ angle.
   
   
   • Do not arch your back. It should remain straight.
   • Do not raise your buttocks off the ground to raise your body.
   • Do not let your knees exceed a 90 degree angle.^[3]
2. Lower your back until your shoulder blades touch the ground. Use a steady motion; Do not let yourself bounce back up, and do not rest when you reach starting position.
   
   
3. Repeat. Use the exact same motion and do at least 55 sit ups. If you rest on the ground, you'll have to start over completely. Any single rep can be disqualified from your final count if you do the following:
   
   
   • Fail to lift your upper body to a vertical position
   • Bow your back
   • Exceed 90 degrees with your knees
   • Fail to keep your fingers locked behind your head
   • Raise your buttocks off the ground.

EditPassing the Sit Up Test

1. Complete the correct number of reps. To pass this portion of the fitness test, do at least 53 sit up repetitions per set if you are between 17 and 21 years old.^[4] If you're between 22 and 26, do at least 43 reps.
   
   
2. Train by doing more sets than required. When you train, simply continue the exercise until muscle failure occurs. Repeat until you've completed 4 sets. There should be no more than 1 minute of rest between each set.
   
3. Train several times a week. In order to start seeing/feeling results, aim to do 4 sets 3 days a week for 6 weeks. For faster results, increase the number of sets/times per week you do this exercise.
   
4. Work toward excellence. If you're able to make it to 72 perfect sit ups, you'll receive a score of 90 points and a rating of "excellent" for this exercise. If you're good at sit ups, work your hardest to receive the highest rating you can achieve.
   
   

EditVideo

EditTips

• When you start sit-ups, use the bottom of a bed with your feet under it, so you do not need a partner to hold your feet down. This is great when traveling.
• The benefits of this exercise are increased strength and flexibility in your hip flexors and core muscles.
• At least two of your abdominal training sessions should be at the end of strength-training workouts. Do leg lifts, reverse crunches, and regular crunches for 3 sets of 15 reps each. Rest no more than 30 seconds between sets.

EditWarnings

• Potential injuries to your back and neck may be incurred if this exercise is performed incorrectly.
• Those with poor balance should be careful when performing this exercise.

EditThings You Need

• Exercise mat (optional)

EditRelated wikiHows

• Do Sit Ups
• Get Around Doing Basic Sit Ups
• Prepare for a Military Physical Screening Test
• Do a Push Up
• Prepare for and Pass the JROTC Cadet Challenge

EditSources and Citations

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How to Get Rid of a Runny Nose

Read this article to learn how to treat a temporary runny nose and prevent a bloody nose. If you are experiencing other symptoms in addition to your runny nose, like a fever, cough, and or sore throat, or if you have a chronically runny nose, then see your doctor to treat the underlying medical cause.

EditSteps

EditGet Rid of a Runny Nose Quickly

1. Identify why you have a runny nose for the most effective treatment. If you understand why your nose is leaky you can tailor your response for effective treatment. Basic causes of runny noses, and potential cures, include:
   
   • Allergies: Take an over the counter antihistamine.
   • Cold/Sickness: Manage symptoms with steam and decongestants. See a doctor if symptoms worsen or last longer than 48 hours.
   • Clogging: Blow your nose and try and clear the irritant.
   • Stress/Lifestyle choices: Get plenty of sleep and relax for a night. Manage symptoms until gone.^[1]
2. Clean out your nose regularly. When your nose is runny, blow it. The best way to handle a runny nose is to remove the fluid. If you cannot seem to get the irritant out of your nostrils, try a neti pod (detailed below) or other nasal irrigation product!
   
3. Gently massage your nose, above your eyes, and earlobes to ease sinus pressure. These points on your body can be used to relax your sinuses, helping slow down the flow of a runny nose. Apply light pressure to each nostril, closing and opening them slowly. Then rub above your eyes and on your ear lobes to complete the technique.
   
   • You can use a washcloth soaked in warm water for even better results.
4. Use steam to ease discomfort. This will help reduce the mucus that are produce by runny noses. You can also take a hot shower or bath, turn on a humidifier, or lean over a pot/bowl of hot water. Add Eucalyptus oil, Camphor Spirit, Peppermint Oil for an extra kick.
   
5. Try medication and supplements to further manage symptoms. There are a variety of prescription and over the counter sprays, pills, and creams to help manage your runny nose, including:
   
   • Nasal sprays, preferably those containing olopatadine (prescription only)
   • Vapor rubs and topical decongestants.
   • Magnesium (400mg) and or zinc (15mg) supplements can help open up your cells and nasal passageway.

EditPressure, Massage, and Irrigation

1. Apply pressure. Press down 10 times on the corner of your nose, pressure very gently to keep your nose from getting worse.^[2] It is believed that this pressure point can help alleviate sinus congestion and headaches that result from colds and allergies.^[3] Your nose should be almost closed each time you apply pressure to the area.
   
   • Repeat on the area just above your eyes, applying mild pressure.^[4] Repeat 10 times on each side of your face.
2. Massage your earlobe for 10 seconds.^[5]Repeat on both sides.
   
3. Irrigate. Use salt water to flush out the nasal passages, freeing up mucus and other debris.^[6] You can either use a syringe, neti pot, or other product designed for nasal irrigation.^[7]
   
   • The first thing to stop or prevent a runny nose is to irrigate and remove pollen, dust or pus from nasal passages. Use distilled water with a neti pot and sinus rinse that washes saltwater in one nostril and it comes out the other nostril. The rinse is approximately 240mL of distilled water with mixed salt and baking soda to pH balance for comfort. Runny noses can irritate mucous and cause a bloody nose. This rinse can dry out mucous and might lead to epistaxis (bloody noses). To moisturize the nose, a half teaspoon of Glycerin 99.5% Anhydrous from the first aid department of a pharmacy can also be added to the nasal rinse. Glycerin is moisturizing and forms a barrier so pollen and dust will not come in contact with mucous membranes. A saltwater nasal rinse also helps a bloody nose to stop bleeding. ^[8] Be careful not to inhale the water.
4. Blow your nose. Runny noses result when you have excess mucus and fluid buildup in your nose and throat.^[9] The best way to treat a runny nose is to get the excess fluid out. Blow your nose gently, using a soft tissue to avoid skin irritation. Don't blow too often, as it could cause skin burning and redness.
   
5. Apply a warm compress. Soak a hand towel in hot water and place it on your face. This will help alleviate sinus pressure and open up the nasal passages.^[10]
   

EditUsing A Tissue

1. Grab a tissue. Rip it in half.
   
2. Roll the piece into a tiny ball. It should be about the size of your nostril.
   
3. Gently place the tissue inside your nostril. Repeat on the other side, using the other half of the tissue.
   
4. Relax and breathe normally. The tissue will help absorb some of the fluid coming out of your nose without you having to constantly blow.
   
   • Breathe through your mouth if you are having issues getting enough air.

EditApplying a Topical Treatment

1. Rub a small amount underneath your nose. You can also apply the Vicks to your chest area. Take deep inhalations, and your runny nose should be gone in no time.
   
   • This method also helps get rid of a stuffy or congested nose.
2. Get a big bowl, and boil some water. When you get the boiled water into the bowl, put your head in the bowl (just don't touch the water) and put a towel over your head. Home remedies include breathing a steam bath of Eucalyptus oil, Camphor Spirit, Peppermint Oil. Put your head under for about 2-3 minutes.
   

EditTaking Medication or Supplements

1. Try prescription medications. The options include Olopatadine Nasal spray and Ipratropium Nasal spray. Olopatadine is a mast cell stabilizer and antihistamine at the H1 receptor. Ipratropium is an anticholinergic agent chemically similar to atropine. Ipratropium has long been used as an inhaler to treat lung disease and it was serendipitously found to cause dry noses. Irrigate and allow time for nasal passages to dry (usually 15 minutes) before using medicated nasal sprays.
   
2. Try magnesium and zinc pills. Magnesium 400mg supplement oral pills can help blood vessels dilate and restore blood vessel responsiveness in the mucous producing glands. Oral Zinc 15mg supplements can also benefit intracellular pathways that cause secretions like mucous.
   

EditTreating The Underlying Causes

1. Identify the cause of your runny nose. There are a number of potential causes, including common colds, flus, allergies, cold weather, stress, exposure to tobacco smoke, chickenpox, and whooping cough.^[11]
   
   • If you are experiencing other symptoms in addition to a runny nose, like a fever or sore throat, then see your doctor to determine whether you have a bacterial or viral infection that requires medical treatment.
   • Common colds usually go away on their own, but should be treated with fluids like water and fruit juice, lots of rest, and soothing foods like soup.
2. Avoid nasal irritants. Runny noses can be caused by allergies to pollen, pets, latex, dust mites, and foods.^[12] If you are in constant contact with an animal, plant, or material that you are allergic to, you will probably experience runny noses often.
   
   • If you live with a pet that you are allergic to, you should consider either getting rid of the pet, moving, or taking allergy medication.
   • Thoroughly clean your home to remove dust mites, and stay away from food and plants that you are allergic to.
   • Runny noses can also be caused by excessively dry or cold weather. Try using a humidifier to restore some of the moisture in the air in your home. Humidify the air and warm the air to keep nasal passages comfortable. Dry cold air can insult the mucous membranes and cause rhinitis. Dry nasal passages can become irritated and will be more likely to become infected and bleed.^[13]

EditTips

• Make sure to use a nice, soft tissue so that your nose won't get irritated after blowing it several times.
• To unblock your nose, try holding you face over warm or boiling water in a basin or bowl with a towel over your head. Breathe in the steam for around 10 minutes, and then blow your nose on some tissue. Try adding Vick's or other remedies into the water.
• Keep tissues with you at all times.
• Drink lots of fluids, such as water or fruit juice. These will help flush out the fluids that are built up in your nose. Stay away from caffeinated beverages like coffee or tea, which will cause your nose to get more stuffed up.
• If you lie down, the fluid will run from your nose, so prop your head up with a pillow.
• It is better to get the fluid out than keeping it in, so blow instead of blocking.
• Drink lemon and honey with warm water.
• Stay warm while doing all of these procedures.
• Use soft, unscented tissues to avoid irritation.
• Plenty of rest and lots of sleep help treat not only runny noses, but all illnesses.
• Most runny noses go away on their own, unless of course there is an underlying health condition that requires treatment.^[14]
• Always moisturize your nose with unscented moisturizer to mitigate irritation.
• Spicy foods can also cause runny noses, and make existing runny noses worse.^[15]
• Take a nice hot shower and make sure to use the steam for your congestion.
• Altoid mints can sometimes clear nasal passages.
• If your runny nose stays for more than 2 days, you should see a doctor.
• Keep blowing your nose to get rid of the mucus.
• Spicy soup for delicious, if temporary relief from a runny nose.
• Buy rub cream from a pharmacy shop to ease congestion.
• Drink warm fluids, especially if you have a sore throat.
• Using hot steam can help clear your nose of congestion.
• Try blowing one nostril at a time instead of both at the same time.
• Lay down. It will make the mucus flow down and you will be able to blow on it easier.
• Stay away from the cold atmosphere. Keep yourself warm!
• Keep away from allergy triggers, such as flowers or dogs. If they can't be avoided, then make sure you have enough tissues on hand.

EditRelated wikiHows

• Make Nose Plugs to Stop a Runny Nose

EditSources and Citations

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How to Determine the Sex of a Betta Fish

Betta fish are widely known as fighting fish. Frequently sold in individual containers, you might believe all Betta fish have the same general appearance and demeanor. Regardless of what you see at pet stores, male and female Betta fish are quite different. Subtle differences in their appearance and behavior can help you differentiate their sex. Knowing the sex of a Betta fish is critical when deciding if and when to breed a pair of Betta fish.

EditSteps

EditSexing A Betta By Appearance

1. Wait until characteristics begin to develop with age.^[1] Male and female Betta fish will look very similar when young. This is because their body has not yet developed to the point where sexual characteristics are manifested. Wait until you can either see obvious male characteristics or at about two months of age before sexing your Betta.
   
2. Observe the size and shape of their fins.^[2] Male Betta fish will generally have long dorsal (top), ventral (bottom), and caudal (tail) fins. Often 2-3+ times their body height. The dorsal and caudal fins will often droop due to their length. Female Betta fish will typically have shorter fins about as long as the Betta is tall or shorter. Female Betta's ventral fin may often resemble a hair comb.
   
   • Short fins may indicate female gender, but this characteristic should be combined with other evidence before sexing is conclusive.
3. Note his or her colors.^[3] Males typically have bright colors. Females do not. Females tend to have subdued or dull colors, especially in the body. Bright blue, green, and red coloration in the body and fins is a good indication of a male Betta.
   
   • Colors can change depending on the stress of the fish. Female Bettas will be more colorful when stressed than non-stressed females.
4. Look for the egg spot.^[4] Female Bettas will have a small white spot (i.e., the ovipositor tube) on their underside. This spot will resemble a grain of salt. It is located between the near the edge of the ventral fin near the head of the Betta. This is generally a fool-proof method of identifying females--males never have this spot.
   
   • Finding this spot may be difficult with younger females whose sexual organs have not fully developed. As the fish ages and becomes larger, the ovipositor tube will become larger and easier to see.
   • If you are having trouble viewing the location of the spot, consider feeding or preparing to feed your fish. He or she will likely move to the top and angle himself or herself so you can easily view the location.
5. Compare their body shapes.^[5] Male and female Betta fish have subtle differences in body shape. Males tend to be long and thin. Females tend to be shorter and thicker. This is a subtle difference. You will probably want to familiarize yourself with obviously male Betta fish to use this method to sex Bettas. Female Bettas almost look like stubby males when comparing body shape.
   
6. Put a mirror beside or in the tank. Bettas will flare at other males.^[6] Both male and female Betta fish have aggressive tendencies. However, male are typically more likely to engage in aggressive behavior. When you place a mirror beside or in your Betta's tank, your Betta will see another Betta. Males will likely stretch or flare their gills to show dominance. They may even try to attack the mirror.
   
   • Female Bettas will sometimes flare to show dominance too. However, they do so with less determination. Males tend to become obsessed with the fact that another male is near them.
   • Do not leave the mirror in the tank for extended periods of time. While seeing your male betta's aggressive display is fun, this can stress your Betta to the point it affects his or her health. Male Bettas, particularly, may start having shorter fins simply due to experiencing long periods of high stress.

EditSexing A Betta By Behavior

1. Consider the method of purchase. How you purchased your Betta can tell you a little about his or her sex. Male bettas are typically sold exclusively in the typical "pet store" because of their bright colors and large fins. These are typically male traits, and, consequently, most pet stores sell and stock only male Bettas. Female Bettas are typically sold by aquarium enthusiasts or higher-end aquarium stores.
   
   • Many pet store staffers are more knowledgeable about pets than you. However, their expert knowledge may be limited by their own pet interests. When consulting a pet store staff worker about the sex of a Betta, consider asking if they have ever personally bred Bettas, or if they have to look at the label before telling you if a Betta is male or female. When in doubt, assume the fish is male.
2. Look for bubble nests.^[7] When males are ready to mate, they typically create bubbles on the surface of the water. They create hundreds or thousands of little tiny bubbles that group together. This is in preparation for tending to fertilized eggs. Male Bettas typically tend to be the primary caregivers of their offspring.
   
3. Check your Betta's gills for a beard.^[8] Both male and female Betta fish have a membrane under their gills that is s different color than their body. Usually the beard is brown or black in coloration. Males tend to have larger beards than females. You may only be able to see the female's beard with when her gills are closed if you look hard enough. Males tend to be more obvious even when the gills are open.
   

EditTips

• Accurately sexing Bettas is a skill that develops with practice. Experienced breeders can sometimes spot male Bettas when they are as little as 3/4" long!
• When in doubt, try finding a local Betta fish expert at your local fish store. Look for a store that specializes in selling only aquarium fish rather than a larger department store.

EditWarnings

• While female Betta's can be kept together under the right conditions, males should not be kept together. Likewise, males and females should not be kept together except for short periods for mating.

EditSources and Citations

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